Essay The Special Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein

The Special Theory of relativity is an acknowledged physical theory that revolutionized advancements in the relationship between space, and time. The theory is one of the most interesting discoveries that are still used today in science fiction movies such as Star Wars, and Star Trek through the use of black holes, and time travel due to it’s astonishing results, and it occurrence at speeds close to the speed light, which can be appealing to a wide range of audience. This was a harvest from six years of extremely handwork by Albert Einstein. Einstein used resources that were widely available to the public due to his economic constraints. It wasn’t until 1905, when Einstein finally had finished and published his discoveries, and gatherings†¦show more content†¦Both you and the observer could argue for days, and none of you would be able to prove the other person wrong, and as matter of fact, when it comes to physical laws both of you are correct. It all depends on your frame of reference. Speaking of frames of reference, an inertial reference frame is an area where no force applies, therefore there isn’t any gravitational force, or any acceleration, in an inertial frame one couldn’t tell if he was on constant velocity or if he was at rest. The simultaneity of events is matter of a person’s frame of reference. If a person is moving at a constant velocity in between two object emitting light he’ll see the light source he’s moving towards, and the light source he’s moving away from flash at the same time. However if a stationary observer watches this from a stationary platform, he’ll see that the light source that the person is moving away from has more distance to cover than the one he’s moving towards. He’ll also notice that both these light emissions will reach the person standing in between them at the same time. So considering that the speed of light is the same in all situations. The observer sees the light source the person is moving away from flash first as it has more distance to cover, and yet reaches the person standing in the middle at the same time. The first of the Special Theory of relativity’s affects, causes the phenomena of time dilation. TimeShow MoreRelatedTheory of Relativity and the Special Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein1850 Words   |  8 Pages Since his birth, Albert Einstein has had the most beneficial effects on the events of the world. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1979 and as a boy displayed an unquenchable curiosity for understanding science and all of its mysteries. As Albert Einstein’s life progressed, he found himself working as a patent clerk in Bern. While working as a patent clerk in Bern, Albert Einstein had a plethora amount of time which was devoted to formulating his theories. Also during thisRead MoreAlbert Einstein: The General Theory of Relativity Essay660 Words   |  3 Pagesappears to be, makes one heroic; therefore, Albert Einstein is heroic in numerous ways. Throughout Albert Einstein’s lifetime he accomplished many amazing things that have an effect on people today. For example, in 1905, â€Å"often called as Einstein’s â€Å"miracle year†, he published four papers in the Annalen der Physik, each of which would alter the course of modern physics† (Michio,Kaku 13). Throughout Einstein’s four books, he â€Å"applied the quantum theory to light in order to explain the photoelectricRead More Albert Einstein Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pages Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Wà ¼ttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. While he was still an infant, the family moved to Munich. Albert’s father was plagued with business failures throughout his life, and after one such failure, he moved his family to Milan, Italy. 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Albert was considered a very lazy person and even ignorant; although he was very smart, he was bored with what he considered old ideas and concepts. Without graduating high school Einstein applied for entrance into a polytechnic institute in Zurich, Switzerland. After two tries he finally gained entrance and graduated with the same bored attitude to the irritation of his professors. None of which, expected him to succeed (â€Å"Albert†). Albert spent seven years reviewing patentsRead MoreThe Cultural Icon Of The 20th Century Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesAmber Gentile 12 December 2016 Period 2 Albert Einstein- The Cultural Icon from the 20th Century Albert Einstein once said â€Å"I want to know God’s thoughts, the rest are details†. Einstein wanted an equation that would encapsulate all physical laws. To put the beauty and the power of the universe into a single equation was his life’s goal. 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The oneRead MoreAl bert Einstein : The Greatest Minds Of Our Time1620 Words   |  7 Pages Albert Einstein is undoubtedly one of the greatest minds of our time. His contributions to physics and mathematics are extensive. He was one of science’s first celebrities. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany (Nobel). His parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein, were Jewish middle-class Germans, and his uncle was an engineer (Formative). Six weeks after his birth, his family moved to Munich (Nobel). Einstein began his schooling in Munich

Fab India Case Study - 1422 Words

FAB INDIA Company profile †¢ History In 1958, well before American companies were sourcing from India, John Bissell left his position as a buyer for Macy’s New York to work as a consultant for the Ford Foundation in order to develop India’s export potential in its emerging textile industry. What Bissell discovered was a village-based industry with a profusion of skills hidden from the world. Determined to showcase Indian handloom textiles while providing equitable employment to traditional artisans, Bissell established Fabindia in 1960 in order to fuse the best aspects of East/West collaboration. Fifteen years later the first Fabindia retail store was opened in Greater Kailash, New Delhi with a range of upholstery fabrics,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Products The product range consists of garments for men, women, children and infants; garment accessories; home furnishings – bed, bath, table and kitchen linen, upholstery fabric, curtains, floor coverings and a range of non textile products like furniture, lights, lamps and stationery. In addition to handcrafted clothing and home furnishings, Fabindia’s product line includes organic foods and personal care products. Fabindia Organics carries several types of cereals, grains, pulses, spices, sugar, tea, coffee, honey, fruit preserves and herbs. Fabindia Sana- Fabindia’s range of authentic bodycare products includes soaps, shampoos, hair oils, pure oils, moisturisers, body scrubs, face packs, hair conditioners special skin care products. 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Nursing Case Study Patients Treatment

Question: Describe the Nursing Case Study for Patients Treatment. Answer: Section 1: Clinical decision making and care provision The decisions taken by the nurses have immense implications on the patient outcomes. They take an active participation in the clinical decision in healthcare system regarding the patients treatment. It is the process of gathering and evaluating the information to make decisions regarding patient care (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). It includes the various cognitive processes, skills, and the freedom to make decisions, education, knowledge, communication, monitoring and accountability to make the best clinical judgment for the patient (Hoffman, Aitken Duffield, 2009). If the patient related safety problems are solved, then there would be fewer chances of errors made in healthcare industry. The nurses have a duty to report for the findings and take necessary clinical decisions. The clinical decision-making by nurses involves the knowledge, evidence-based practice to critically appraise and scientifically prove to ensure quality patient safety and care (Cranley et al., 2009). The clinical decision-making also includes the education and technological resources, nursing practice and training. In order to provide the best quality of care and safety to the patients, a nurse needs to clinically think, judge and act accordingly to the situation. The use and implementation of scientific knowledge is important in the critical decision making process (Simmons, 2010). The implementation of current knowledge by nurses to ensure patient safety and care is crucial in decision-making process (Lake, Moss Duke, 2009). Apart from knowledge and evidence-based practice, the communication skills are also important. The communication skills focus on delivering and receiving information to the patient and their family members and information about the risks and benefits about different prognostic or intervention processes (Parker et al., 2009). The active listening towards the patients and their families to ensure the patient centered safety and care. The decision-making process also involves the patients and their family in decision-making process (Mullan Kothe, 2010). The monitoring and reporting by the nurses have a great impact on the clinical decision making for the patients safety. There was no proper monitoring by the Hospital at Night team and he was not escalated as a patient of concern in emergency treatment. The improper documentation would give lack of data for comparative study and treatment of the patient. The documentation and reporting helps to generate awareness about the situation of the patients and to raise flag in case of emergency. It also accounts for the safe decision-mak ing and reduce the chances of errors in the decision making process. The practice of safe-decision making includes integration of scientific knowledge, experiences to anticipate the situations that are likely to happen in the future. In the Inquest into the death of SM, there was failure of documentation and reporting of the patient. There was lack of documentation and reporting of the low oxygen saturation levels in SM. There was no reporting of the continual and unrestricted use of oxygen in the patient. The monitoring of the patient to look for any abnormal findings and well documentation and reporting is required to provide the patient care and safety. The correct monitoring would help to prevent medication errors and rate of death in hospitals (Mitchell et al., 2010). There was no review or assessment of the low oxygen saturation levels and hypoxia throughout his admission except for only one occasion. There was no proper documentation of the scores on the Q-Adult Deterioration Detection System (Q-ADDS). There was failure in the addition of the s cores on the early warning observation form. There was incorrect scoring of the patient and so SM was never escalated as a patient of concern. There was improper documentation in the scoring of the early warning observation form and when SM was escalated as a patient of concern, it was not well documented. On 2nd July, scores of two were not documented properly and seven was added correctly. SM also scored 4-6 around thirteen times in the 24 hours, and the root cause analysis team reported that the case required the higher levels of action including the involvement of the consultants. To provide the patients with the quality ensured care and safety, proper reporting about the findings to avoid errors in ensuring quality care. For the proper reporting, monitoring and documentation is important about every physical parameters of the patient (Jones, King Wilson, 2009). On 3rd July, SM flagged four on two occasions but he was not recorded on the Q-Adult Deterioration Detection System. As a result, the Hospital at Night (HAN) did not escalate SM. There was no medical documentation of SM for the persistent low oxygen saturation levels. The accountability and responsibility also accounts for patients safety and care provision. Nurses are responsible for ensuring safety of the patient and are held accountable for the actions. The failure of the reporting nursing staff to investigate the persistent low oxygen saturation levels showed the lack of responsibility by the nurses that might have escalated SM for emergency treatment. Nurses are held answerable for their actions and responsible in performing their duties. The proper reporting about a patients condition is important for the appropriate treatment (Kelly Ahern, 2009). The Hospital at Night reviewed SM and flagged as an outlier during his admission. However, SM received the appropriate prophylaxis for the venous thromboembolism (VTE). He also received the proper treatment for the VTE by the surgical team. The findings of the chest X-ray showed a collapsed area in the lung that explained SM high oxygen demand and his persistent low oxygen saturation levels. There was no analysis of the blood gas to check for the possible cause of his low oxygen saturation levels. Moreover, SM did not receive the chemical prophylaxis as the first dose but that was not considered as the contributing factor for his death. The nursing staff reported the patients requirement for oxygen but did not raise any flag for his abnormal oxygen saturation levels. The incidence reporting is important to know what actually happened in a case and helps in legal documentation and fulfilling of formalities (Kirwan, Matthews Scott, 2013). There was also reduced mobility that accounted for the SM venous thromboembolism (VTE) after his surgery but there was no assessment regarding his restricted mobility. Despite of his continuous hypoxia, tachycardia and high oxygen demand, there was no raised flags and considered him as a patient for emergency treatment. There was failure to complete the early warning observation form despite of the recording of his scores. There was also failure of the treating team to identify the deterioration in the SM condition. They did not made an emergency call after the reporting of the nursing staff that SM is on oxygen demand for last six days. The Australian government has established many policies and processes to increase the proper reporting of the event, assure quality mechanisms and open disclosure in the adverse events in patient care and safety. Section 2: Tort of Negligence The tort of negligence in nursing is failure to act and take appropriate steps to avoid or prevent the loss or injury to the patient (Huang McLean, 2010). A nurse is capable of caring for the patient but does not care for and as a result, the patient has to suffer unnecessarily. The malpractice and professional negligence by the nurses and the hospital staff that cause emotional and physical damage to the patients (Mair, 2014). The hospital staff, physicians, nurses and healthcare professionals involved in the medical malpractice. The nurses neglect the patients generally face the tort of negligence. The tort of negligence is applied to the nurses who are negligent towards ensuring patient care and that have posed a threat to the life of the patient. The nurses were negligent in the case of SM. They would have been more careful and less negligent regarding the reporting and documentation of his condition. The negligence was also seen regarding the continuous low oxygen saturation le vels of SM. The negligence in nurses to record, document and report to the concerned authority could cause breach of duty. The quality of patient care is hampered and the patient could file a lawsuit against that particular nurse (Staunton Chiarella, 2012). The wrong recording of the scores was also under the tort of negligence. The persistent low oxygen levels in the patient were continuous but the nursing staff and the Hospital at Night was negligent and did not escalate him as a patient for emergency treatment. They were not bothered to investigate and find out the possible outcome of the low oxygen saturation levels in the patient. The reduced mobility in the patient was a matter of great concern but the medical staff was negligent in reporting and raising flag for the emergency treatment. The further reduction in mobility after the surgery should have been a matter of concern and triggered for the assessment but the treatment team was not concerned about the issue. The claim o f negligence contains the negligence arising due to the duty and care by the doctor owed towards the patient, breach of duty by the nurse and a direct implication of the negligence that harm a patient causing him injury or loss (HEATON, 2014). The continuous hypoxia, tachycardia and low oxygen saturation levels demanded immediate investigation and questioning and the arterial blood gas analysis but the medical team was negligent and did not concern to look into the matter. The nursing staff documented and reported the significant periods of hypoxia and low oxygen saturation levels but the medical team did not raise any flag or concern and took immediate steps to make the situation under control. The tort of negligence includes the poor documentation, proper reporting and monitoring of the patients condition that would increase the duration of stay (Atkins, De Lacey Britton, 2014). The X-ray of the chest showed a collapsed area in the lung that explained SM high oxygen demand and hi s persistent low oxygen saturation levels but the medical team was negligent about this major finding. There was no one person who was responsible for the death of SM, the medical team, the nursing staff, the Hospital at Night team and the surgical team were negligent and careless towards SM. Section 3: Ethical Issues In patient centered care, there are many ethical issues in nursing practice. The clinical decision-making involves guidelines for ethics that are intended to provide patient centered care. The nurses have to follow the professional ethics guidelines that are necessary to provide the best quality of care to the patients. The patient has the right to control his or her life and the nurses have to make decisions according to the circumstances. The act of beneficence and non-malfeasance also accounts for the ethics in nursing practice. These ethics are quoted to provide patient care, respect human dignity and to work in collaboration to provide the best quality and high standard care by the healthcare system. The act of beneficence and malfeasance is aimed at providing the best care with an aim to work for the welfare of the patient and cause minimum harm (Yeo et al., 2010). The code of ethics in Australia aimed to identify the standard ethics and principles in nursing practice and to in corporate them in their nursing practice. The code of ethics also guides the nurses to make decisions that are ethically correct and implement them in their nursing practice. The ethical values also safeguard the rights of the patients and ethical values for the nurses (Johnstone, 2015). The surgical team ignored the reduced mobility in SM post-operative. The patient required the immediate treatment for the persistent low levels of oxygen saturation but they ignored the condition and did not raise any flag for the emergency. It was unethical and unfair on the part of the nurses that they did not report or document his hypoxia, tachycardia and persistent low oxygen levels. The ethical code of conduct also demonstrates that the justice is ensured for every patient providing the patient the right to refuse or accept treatment (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2013). The nursing team did not add and document the scores on the early warning assessment warnings. They also raised flags but the medica l team did not bother to look into this matter and act accordingly. The SM care was ethical at some stances but was unethical under the breach of duty, tort of negligence and dereliction of duty. The patients capability in decision-making along with the refusal to treatment and the involvement of the patients family in the decision-making constitutes the respect for autonomy (Izumi et al., 2012). The nurses reported about the persistent low levels of oxygen in SM but in several situations were negligent about his continuous demand for oxygen. Despite of the raised flag, SM was not documented under the Q-ADDS form as a patient of emergency rather he was treated as an outlier from the time of his admission. The nursing staff did not respect the act of autonomy in case of the patient in providing and meeting the requirements of the patient. The respect for autonomy, beneficence is the key principles that are focused to provide the patient centered care and protect the rights of the pat ient (Schneider Whitehead, 2013). They also violated the act of beneficence as they were negligent about the patients condition and that contributed to his death. References Atkins, K., De Lacey, S., Britton, B. (2014).Ethics and law for Australian nurses. Cambridge University Press. Barry, M. J., Edgman-Levitan, S. (2012). Shared decision makingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care.New England Journal of Medicine,366(9), 780-781. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. (2013).Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Cengage Learning. Cranley, L., Doran, D. M., Tourangeau, A. E., Kushniruk, A., Nagle, L. (2009). Nurses' Uncertainty in Decision?Making: A Literature Review.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,6(1), 3-15. HEATON, L. (2014). Legal aspects of nursing.Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition,3, 57. Hoffman, K. A., Aitken, L. M., Duffield, C. (2009). A comparison of novice and expert nurses cue collection during clinical decision-making: Verbal protocol analysis.International journal of nursing studies,46(10), 1335-1344. Huang, S. J., McLean, A. S. (2010). Do we need a critical care ultrasound certification program? Implications from an Australian medical-legal perspective.Critical Care,14(3), 1. Izumi, S. S., Nagae, H., Sakurai, C., Imamura, E. (2012). Defining end-of-life care from perspectives of nursing ethics.Nursing ethics,19(5), 608-618. Johnstone, M. J. (2015).Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. Jones, L., King, L., Wilson, C. (2009). A literature review: factors that impact on nurses effective use of the Medical Emergency Team (MET).Journal of clinical nursing,18(24), 3379-3390. Kelly, J., Ahern, K. (2009). Preparing nurses for practice: a phenomenological study of the new graduate in Australia.Journal of Clinical Nursing,18(6), 910-918. Kirwan, M., Matthews, A., Scott, P. A. (2013). The impact of the work environment of nurses on patient safety outcomes: a multi-level modelling approach.International journal of nursing studies,50(2), 253-263. Lake, S., Moss, C., Duke, J. (2009). Nursing prioritization of the patient need for care: A tacit knowledge embedded in the clinical decision?making literature.International Journal of Nursing Practice,15(5), 376-388. Mair, J. (2014). An introduction to legal aspects of nursing practice.Contexts of Nursing, 167. Mitchell, I. A., McKay, H., Van Leuvan, C., Berry, R., McCutcheon, C., Avard, B., ... Lamberth, P. (2010). A prospective controlled trial of the effect of a multi-faceted intervention on early recognition and intervention in deteriorating hospital patients.Resuscitation,81(6), 658-666. Mullan, B. A., Kothe, E. J. (2010). Evaluating a nursing communication skills training course: The relationships between self-rated ability, satisfaction, and actual performance.Nurse education in practice,10(6), 374-378. Parker, R. M., Keleher, H. M., Francis, K., Abdulwadud, O. (2009). Practice nursing in Australia: a review of education and career pathways.BMC nursing,8(1), 1. Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013).Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia. Simmons, B. (2010). Clinical reasoning: concept analysis.Journal of Advanced Nursing,66(5), 1151-1158. Staunton, P. J., Chiarella, M. (2012).Law for nurses and midwives. Elsevier Australia. Yeo, M., Moorhouse, A., Kahn, P., Rodney, P. (Eds.). (2010).Concepts and cases in nursing ethics. Broadview Press.

Ford Principles of Corporations Law †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Ford Principles of Corporations Law. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, the issue the issue arises on the basis of the present facts if the directors of Lovells Ltd have breached their duties that have been imposed on the directors by the Corporations Act, 2001. Simultaneously, it is also required to be seen if any defenses are available to the directors. The reason is that one of the directors of the company, Larry has incorporated his own company, Events Galore Pty Ltd for the purpose of taking benefit of a business opening that was available to Lovells Ltd. Similarly, the other two directors of the company, Tony and Greg had also approved this act after they were offered the position of non-executive director in the new company, along with attractive remuneration. In the same way, shares have been issued by the three directors of the company, Larry, Tony and Greg for the purpose of diluting the shareholding of Earnest Pty Ltd. Another issue that is present in this case is if the directives can be held liable for being involved in insolvent trading. A corporation is run by its directors on behalf of the shareholders. In s198A, Corporations Act, it has been mentioned that the business of the Corporation needs to be run by or in accordance with the directions given by the directors. In this regard, certain basic legal duties and responsibilities have been imposed among the directors (Austin and Ramsay, 2013). The duties and responsibilities that have been imposed on the directors by the Corporations Act are applicable in case of several organizational structures like public companies or proprietary companies. Duty of care and diligence: In view of this duty, the directors should act with the same level of care and diligence that can be expected from any other reasonable person who is acting under similar circumstances and in the same position. This duty is present in s 180. A similar duty is also obligatory for the directors under the common law (Ford and Austin, 1995). On the other hand, the business judgment rule provides a safe harbor to the directors regarding a claim that has been made against the directors under the common law or for the breach of section 180. The next duty of the directors is to act in good faith, keeping in view the best interests of the company (Ford, 1978). For this purpose, the directors should act for a proper purpose as mentioned in section 181. This requires that any conflicts of interest should be avoided by the directors between their personal interests and companies interests (Elder v Elder and Watson, 1952). This duty is the duty of fidelity as well as of trust. It is known as a fiduciary duty that has been prescribed for the directors by the common law and simultaneously, this duty is also present in the Corporations Act (Morgan v 45 Flers Avenue Pty Ltd., 1986). Another duty of the directors is to make proper use of their position in the company. This duty requires that the director should not use their position in the company improperly (Farrar and Hannigan, 1998). An improper use of position occurs when the directors position is used in order to gain a private benefit or to cause a detriment to the corporation. This duty has been mentioned in section 182 of the Corporations Act. Section 183 of the Corporations Act provides for the duty of the directors according to which they should use the information received by them, properly. This duty requires that any information should not be used by the directors for the purpose of achieving your personal advantage or for causing a loss to the company (Paterson and Ednie, 1976). Another duty mentioned in the Corporations Act is the duty of the directors to prevent insolvent trading. Therefore, apart from the general duties of the directors, it is also the duty of the directors to prevent the company from trading if reasonable grounds are there to suspect that the company is insolvent or may become insolvent after incurring a debt (Menzies, 1959). A company can be described as insolvent if it is not in a position to repay its debts as and when they fall due. As a result of this duty, whenever the company is going to incur the new debt, it is the obligation of the directors to consider if any reasonable grounds are present to suspect that the company may be insolvent or may become so after incurring such a debt. In the present case, the above mentioned duties have been breached by Larry when he incorporated his own company for taking advantage of a business opportunity. In the same way, the other two directors Tony Greg were also liable for the breach of their duty of care and diligence, as well as the duty which requires them to act in good faith. They were quite upset initially but later on, they agreed when the position of nonexecutive directors was offered to them, along with effective remuneration. Larry has also breach did his duty, which prevented him from using his position improperly and also using the information received by him improperly. Another breach of duty by the three directors is the breach of duty to prevent insolvent trading. Although the company was facing financial problems, still Larry, and the other two directors decided to continue with aggressive advertising and marketing efforts. Therefore, these directors have also breached the duty prescribed was written by 588G . Advise the directors whether any defences are available to them. A defense is accessible to the directors under section 180 in the form of the business judgment rule that has been incorporated in the Corporations Act, 2001. Section 180(2) provides that if it can be established by the director that the judgment was made by them in good faith and for a proper purpose and the director did not have any individual interest concerning the subject matter and at the same time, if the director had informed themselves concerning the subject matter of the judgment to reasonable extent and the director also believe that the judgment is in the best interests of the corporation, a defense is available to such a director against an allegation of breach of duty. For this purpose, it is required that the director should fulfill the above-mentioned requirements for the purpose of claiming the protection provided by the business judgment rule and in such a case, it can be said that the statutory duty of care and diligence prescribed by the Corporations Act has been satisfied in a particular case. However in the present case, it cannot be said that the above-mentioned requirements are satisfied and as a result, the defense of business judgment rule is not available to these directors. Advise Mark what members remedies in the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) are suitable for him. In this question, the issue is if the majority shareholders and directors of Katlin Groceries Pty Ltd, Sam and Bob have been involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, if there are any remedies available to the minority shareholder of the company, Mark. While managing the affairs of the company, sometimes the majority shareholders may want to use their influence for achieving the personal benefit, as compared to the benefit of the company as a whole. However, such conduct has not only been declared as illegal by the law but at the same time, such conduct also have the effect of diminishing the value of the few holdings or to cause damage to the company generally. This is not a particularly welcome situation for the minority shareholders. Under these circumstances, the question arises, what can be done by the minority shareholders to deal with such conduct. Generally the term minority oppression describes the conduct mentioned in s 232. It includes the conduct that is against the interests of the shareholders as a whole or the conduct that is oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory. Oppressive conduct is assessed by using an objective test based on the fact if the particular conduct can be described as unfair by any reasonable person. Moreover, it is not enough that prejudice or discrimination is present, it is also needed that an element of unfairness should exist that is something more than causing a disadvantage. Therefore when the minority shareholders have to face oppressive conduct, certain remedies have been provided in section 233, Corporations Act for such a conduct. According to the provisions of this section, discretion has been provided to the court to grant extensive remedies to minority members who have to face oppressive conduct. Particularly section 233 allows the court to make an order, which it considers to be appropriate, keeping in view the circumstances where the conduct of the affairs of the company can be described as being against the interests of the members of the company as a whole or, if such conduct is oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory against a member or members of the corporation. The power of the courts to give relief in case of oppressive conduct allows the courts to make orders (but is not limited to), that the majority members should buy the shares of the minority member at the price that has been determined by the court; or that the company buys the shares of the minority member; or that a receiver and manager should be appointed and to wind up the company; or that an injunction be issued against the corporation or director or majority member, which restrains them from a particular act. For example, in Roberts v Walter Developments Pty Ltd Ors (1997) the court had discussed the relevant principles concerning oppression and business judgment. Hence, in this case, the court arrived at the conclusion that the course of conduct of the chairman and a majority shareholder, including the fact that the company failed to pay dividends, failure of the company to consider the request made by the minority shareholders that the remuneration of majority shareholders a s the director of the company should be reduced and the refusal to allow the minority shareholders to look at the company records, can be considered as oppressive (Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd., 2001). In this case, the majority shareholders and the directors of Katlin Groceries Pty Ltd, Sam and Bob have not paid any dividend to the members of the company even if the company has been doing very well. Both these directors reject the requests made by Mark to pay dividends. At the same time, when Mark asked them to purchase his shares, they refused to do so. Moreover, they make Mark resign from his position as the director of the company. Similarly, they also deny access to Mark to the financial statements of the company. When Mark was leaving his office, he finds out that excessive payments have been made to the consulting firm of Sam and Bob as consultancy fees. Under these circumstances, it can be concluded that Sam and Bob have been involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, the remedies for oppressive conduct mentioned above are available to Mark, which includes an order by the court according to which Marks shares should be purchased by the other two majority shareholders at a price decided by the court. References Austin R.P. and Ramsay, I.M. (2013) Fords Principles of Corporations Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 15th ed, 432 Farrar J.H. and Hannigan, B (1998) Farrars Company Law (Butterworths, 4th ed, 382 Ford H.A.J., and Austin, R.P., (1995) Ford and Austins Principles of Corporations Law (Butterworths, 7th ed, 262 Ford, H.A.J., (1978) Principles of Company Law (Butterworths, 2nd ed, 345 Menzies, D., (1959) Company Directors, 33 Australian Law Journal 156 Paterson W.E. and Ednie, H.H. (1976) Butterworths, Australian Company Law, vol 2, 2nd ed. Elder v Elder and Watson (1952) S.C. 49 Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 97 Morgan v 45 Flers Avenue Pty Ltd (1986) 10 ACLR 692 Roberts v Walter Developments Pty Ltd Ors (1997) 15 ACLC 882

AP American Literature Unit 1 Quotes Flashcard

AP American Literature Unit 1 Quotes

Teacher Wellness essay

Teacher Wellness essay Teacher Wellness essay Teacher Wellness essayThere are many teacher wellness programs exist. The profession of a teacher has a huge social implication and that is why it is so important to maintain their mental, physical and emotional health. Because of stress and other reasons related to health, many teachers leave this profession. This paper explores one published article that report on resultsof the TeachWell worksite wellness program.Resnicow et al. (1998) in the article â€Å"Results of the TeachWell worksite wellness program†examined whether providing a school-based teacher wellness program makes an influenceon thelevel of health of teachersor improves cognitive, behavioral, and physiological condition (Resnicow et al., 1998).In Resnicow et al. (1998) article reviewing study based on two different groups. Thirty-two elementary schools were randomly dividedinto experimental and comparison groups. Comparison group schools received the Gimme-5 program, a curriculum designed to increase fourth and fifth graders consumption of fruits and vegetables. Experimental group schools received Gimme-5 and the teacher wellness program. Teacher wellness program included 54 workshops over 2 years and several schoolwide health activities. At the end of this experiment, physiological, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes were assessed in teachers and students (Resnicow et al., 1998).Scientists suggested that teachers who place greater value on health promotion and practice more healthenhancing behaviors may be effective student role models. They are also more likely to implement different health care programs for their students. As we can see, it is important to take care of heath condition of teachers in order to increase health condition of students. The TeachWell studied not just an impact of certain well program on teachers.It also showed the impact of this program on students as well.Results fromthe Gimme-5 indicated significantfavorable changes in fruit intake, fruit andvegetable knowl edge, and fruit preferencesamong intervention participants. Intervention group schools received the Gimme-5 curriculum and the teacherwellness program. TeachWellwas based onthe Johnson and Johnson Live for Lifeprogram. It includes different promotionalprinted materials about health importanceand interactive health workshops. In the first year of the experiment, teachers were offered 36 healthworkshops (about 1 per week). It covered such topics as weight loss, blood pressurecontrol and stress management.Data collection was completed only by 74% of teachers, who participated.TheTeachWell intervention did not appreciably affect any of the student orteacher. The reasons are the following: inadequate statistical power, inadequate implementation of theGimme-5 curriculum, inadequate participation in the teacher wellness program, absence of selective or differential attrition etc. Inadequate teacherparticipation in the wellness program, among all other reasons, can be explained by that fact that teachers were required to have their wellness activities after their workday. Some private companies allowemployees to attend wellness activities duringthe workday or have flex-time options,which are often not possible in the schoolsetting. The TeachWell was also insufficient because not only teachers, who volunteered, participatedin the wellness program. Some of the participants were obliged to do that. The effectiveness was low due to the lack of motivation.Despite the low efficiency of the TeachWell, no one can deny that those teacher wellness programs are very effective and have a huge impact on educational system. It positively affects productivity and efficiency of teacher’s work and helps to create a positive role model for a student.It is important to remember that the strength and education of the next generation depends on teachers. The society needs to cherish all representatives of this profession and make them healthy by developing diversified teacher welln ess programs. In order to gain a complete understanding of the nature of wellness programs, it is necessary to conduct a study that examines all methods of such programs.

As you sit down on the bus, you notice that John Locke, Edmund Burke Essay

As you sit down on the bus, you notice that John Locke, Edmund Burke and Karl Marx are having a discussion about the proper role - Essay Example Instead, John Locke in the discussion with the Edmund Burke and Karl Marx revolves around an insistence on accommodating divergent views. John Locke, believes in the perception of moral truths considered to result in a strong political implication. In a focus on toleration, John Locke highlights on the division of state and the church since it is not possible for the state to force moral behavior (Norman 68). The separation, would lead to free speech because of individuals exercising free thought. The separation according to Locke, needs to be absolute in terms of the state only focusing on civil concernments. The power by the state according to John Locke, should only focus on the outward force. However, religion provides an inward persuasion related to individual’s mind. On the other hand, the state’s actions in relation to imprisonment, confiscating estates or torments cannot manipulate the inward judgment of individual’s world views. Locke reiterates that, un derstanding the truth needs a volitional interaction between reality and a person’s mind. In essence, Locke in the discussion, asserts the need to separate the government or state force and the mind. In addition since the volitional relationship only exist between one’s mind and the reality, then, it means the political leaders have no authority to compel their opinions or thoughts on other people (Norman 72). As explained by John Locke, the state should exist to protect the rights of its citizens, but not to compel public morality. In regard to civil government, John Locke asserts that, the political power denotes the privilege of enacting laws that are supported through a threat of force. However, it is impossible to provide evidence of a person’s right to political power as a result of one’s lineage or ancestry. The formation of government through ancestry or following a lineage result in a draconian rule and in turn, exacerbate civil disorder(Norman 7 4). An alternative means is important in choosing political leaders and should focus on understanding men’s relationships with one another prior to the establishment of a government. The relationship, should focus the state of nature since, within a state of nature, every man that possess free will or reason has an independent mind and by implication, is also politically equal and independent. Locke suggests that, being endowed with similar faculties and co-existing in the same community of nature, then issues of subordination that result in the destruction of one another, should not exist. While contrasting individual’s state in relation to nature, John Locke also highlights on the war that may arise because of disobeying the law of nature. These state of war, is a threat to the lives of persons on whom it has been imposed and results in the need to exercise self-defense. Locke further suggests that, men often focus in establishing a civil society by voluntarily, reli nquishing their personal right to defend themselves against the established public authority. This often occurs as a result of searching for a mutual protection of individual’s liberties and property (Norman 78). As a result, the laws related to the state emanate from individuals consent to the establishment of a government authority. As maintained by Locke, the appropriate functions of the law involves establishing , but not limiting individual freedom since, the state does not exist to limit freedoms related to the rational

Globalization and the effects on developing countries and MNCs Dissertation

Globalization and the effects on developing countries and MNCs - Dissertation Example Opinions differ on the extent of change and the impact that it has created.This change has taken place due to what is now commonly known as ‘Globalization’.Globalization according to Frankelmeans integration through international trade of markets in goods and services, financial integration through international trade in assetsGlobalization leads to the formation of a big commercial enterprise where the industrialized nations are favored at the expense of other nations, says MacPherson (2001).Today globalization means differently to different people. Globalization is integration through international trade of goods and services with the help of certain measures and regulations. Globalization is the concept of moving towards single-world society. In this effort there has been rising share of economic activity in the world. The aim was to open the world market to everybody and was thought to be a solution to social and economic disorder prevailing in the world. Globalizati on has brought about significant changes in the global economy. The term globalization has been embraced by politicians, academics, journalists and commentators. Globalization continues to grow in its effort for a coherent global economy previously separated by culture, geography, or nationality.While globalization provides opportunities to many people, it has also caused impoverishment to many groups and societies. Globalization has led to rapid and sudden changes in information and communications, which too has advantages and pitfalls. There are conflicting stands on this issue.

Project Management 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Project Management 3 - Essay Example On this note, this paper will mainly focus on the impact of project managers introducing social media into healthcare and how it can be added in various healthcare projects. In this day and age, the use of social media in health is becoming more popular day in, day out. For instance, around 60% of internet users in US access health information online. Over the years, social media has provided an online platform intended for mass collaboration but with the current technology, social media can be added as a tool in various healthcare projects. For instance, medical device manufacturers, through the social media have been able to facilities projects such as body weight management and diabetes management (HIMSS Social Media Work Group, 2012). Driven by the tremendous development in technology and access to technological devices, in 2009, a company came up with Wi-Fi body scale app for those will to lose weight. Through social media such as Tweeter and Facebook, about 40% of internet users had attempted using the app. Secondly, inspired by the numerous numbers of people posting their blood sugar levels on the international diabetes foundation twits, doctors from university introduced an app know as Bant. Bant incorporated wireless digital glucometers to measure blood glucose levels. In the same year, a 49% increase on blood glucose measurement in US alone was recorded (HIMSS Social Media Work Group, 2012). In conclusion, it is clear that social media has not only succeeded as a platform for exchange of information but it has also brought change in healthcare projects. Thanks to social media, it is easy, cheaper and time saving to manage ones health. An individual can receive treatment from his or her house with the help of apps, blogs and websites accessible in the social media. HIMSS Social Media Work Group. 2012. Healthcare â€Å"Friending† Social Media: What Is It, How Is It Used, and What Should I Do? Healthcare

Cognitive Behavioral Theory

Cognitive Behavioral Theory The Cognitive-Behavioral theory is a form of short-term therapy used by counselors in the psychology and social work fields. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) encourages a blending of behavioral and cognitive therapy models. The theory is based in the belief that the clients behaviors and feelings are heavily influenced by their thoughts. A CBT therapist plays an active role in helping the client prioritize their problems, recognize the maladaptive thoughts that are behind their problems and feelings, and devise and implement goal-oriented changes in their thinking. Background Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) places significant importance on how negative thinking impacts our emotions and behaviors. Dr. Aaron Beck observed that many of his clients had automatic thoughts emotion-filled thoughts that might pop up in the mind (Martin, 2007). Many of these thoughts are not consciously known to the client; however through practice the client can learn to identify the negative and irrational thought. Upon identification the client can then learn to overcome the thoughts. CBT is based on a model or theory that its not events themselves that upset us, but the meanings we give them (Martin, 2007). These automatic thoughts can cause us to become blind to new ideas and have the ability to overcome obstacles. A persons automatic thoughts are rooted in belief systems that were embedded in their subconscious from childhood. When an event happens a person uses these belief systems to help them cope with their difficulties. If there is negative thinking in the persons b elief system, they are more likely to misconstrue the event or issue as too difficult to handle. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy focuses on peoples thoughts and how they affect their emotional, behavioral, and physiological reactions to stressful situations. People often have difficulty thinking rationally when feeling pressured by disturbing life experiences. Through cognitive therapy, clients are able to identify and challenge their thoughts about themselves, the people around them, and the world around them. Behavioral Therapy Behavioral therapy in its most basic state is the encouragement of clients to engage in adaptive behaviors and not to allow pathological internal experiences to dictate the ways in which they act (Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, 2012). Solutions under the behavioral theory closely follow Pavlovs classical and operant conditioning philosophies. A clients negative responses to normal stimuli are typically learned behaviors, because something negative happened the last time the stimulus was present. Through a process called extinction, therapists often try to change a clients negative responses by showing the client that the negative result does not always occur with the stimulus. Using operant conditioning a client will be more likely to engage in activities and behaviors in a positive manner, if they have previously received positive outcomes. If the consequences of their behavior have been negative, they are less like to repeat that behavior. Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) One form of behavioral therapy, founded in the 1950s by Albert Ellis, was Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT). REBT focuses on the clients current, irrational thoughtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and actively targets them for change (Fraum, 2012). Through REBT the client confronts their irrational beliefs and expectations. After confrontation, the client and therapist are able to develop realistic thinking. Only after these two things are accomplished is the client able to change. Epictetus wrote in The Enchiridion, Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them (National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists, 2008). Dialectical Behavior Therapy Another behavioral therapy that is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy is Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Based heavily in philosophy, the main tenet of this therapy looks at two opposing views and works through the therapeutic relationship to blend them together to find a happy medium. The counselor does not make the client feel that their thoughts are invalid or incorrect, but guides them to understanding that their behavior needs to change. This therapy is most often used for clients who have been diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder. (National Institute of Mental Health, 2012) Commonalities of Cognitive Therapy and Behavioral Therapy Although there are a few differences between cognitive and behavioral approaches, there are some similarities that allow these two methods to be blended into the cognitive-behavioral approach. In CBT, the client and the therapist work together as a team to help the client overcome their troubles. Often CBT is a short-term counseling method that, typically, only lasts a few months, but it is also a rigorous therapy, in that the clients must utilize their new skills in between sessions through homework. CBT therapists seldom dig deeply into why a client is having the irrational thoughts, but rather stay focused in the present and future. (Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, 2012) Notable People There are many notable people who have influenced Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Dr. Aaron Beck is considered the father of cognitive therapy. Another notable person in the field of cognitive therapy is Dr. Martin Seligman, who is known mostly for his development of learned helplessness. Some key players in the development of behavioral therapy include Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner. In 1955, Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. He is considered the founder of cognitive-behavioral theory. Dr. Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow are known for their collaborative research and findings in the treatment programs of juvenile and adult criminal offenders. Aaron T. Beck, M.D. Dr. Aaron Beck started his career with as the Assistant Chief of Neuropsychiatry in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Department Of Psychiatry, Penn Behavioral Health, n.d.). In 1954, he joined the University of Pennsylvanias Psychiatry Department. While there, he explored psychoanalysis which led to his development of cognitive therapy. (Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, n.d.) Through his research he realized that his clients had negative thoughts that popped into their heads automatic thoughts. These automatic thoughts centered on themselves, the world and the future. These distorted thoughts then begin to affect the clients lives leading to the disorders they are diagnosed with. Ultimately they stem from a persons core belief systems and are formed throughout the persons life. (Beck, 1997) Albert Ellis, Ph.D. REBT was developed by Dr. Ellis in the 1950s. After spending several years practicing psychoanalysis, he found the he disliked the in-efficient and in-directive nature (National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists, 2008). Dr. Ellis established the ABC model of emotions, which was later modified into A-B-C-D-E approach. Sessions Cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions have a structure. Structure is important, because it allows for the most effective use of time. CBT sessions are usually only about 50 minutes long, happen once a week or once every two weeks, and only continue for a few months to a year. In the beginning of therapy the client and counselor discuss what issues and trouble the client is having. Next, they work on prioritizing the issues. These activities fall under stage I of the Egan Model. Under stage II, the client discusses their ideal self or what they want. This allows the client, with the guidance of the helper, to set realistic goals for themselves. In the final stage, the client and counselor explore the options available and there are always options and find the option or options that best work for the client. The last step is to produce an action plan. Throughout the process the client often has homework. This homework is usually meant to help the client identify the triggers for their anxiety or problems and the feelings that surround those events. As the process moves forward the assignments will coincide with whatever step the client is currently working on. Techniques Due to the blending of theories and therapies, there are more than three dozen techniques available to cognitive-behavioral therapists. The selection includes cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques that make a well-rounded selection that can be tailored to the individual clients needs and wants. The ABC (also known as the ABCDE) Technique is most closely identified by its creator, Dr. Ellis, and under REBT. Other major techniques include cognitive reconstruction, exposure, reframing, and journal writing. Another widely used, yet somewhat controversial technique is self-disclosure. ABC/ABCDE Technique or Rational Self-Analysis Dr. Ellis created this technique to help people identify and understand why they are behaving the way they are to certain Activating Events. The Activating Event ((A)) is often seen as the reason for the clients initial emotions and behaviors (Consequences or (C)). In reality there is another step in between the clients Beliefs ((B)). While the (A) triggers the (C), the (B) is what actually causes the (C). Dr. Ellis went continued to develop this technique and it was later modified to include three additional steps Disputing ((D)), New Effect ((E)), and Further Action ((F)). Once the client has been able to identify the (A), (B), and (C), they are then able to move forward and challenge their Beliefs through Disputing. They, also, evaluate how they would prefer to feel or behave the New Effect. Finally, the client develops their Further Action plan to avoid a relapse. Cognitive Restructuring While Rational Self-Analysis is part of the process of Cognitive Restructuring, it is not the whole process. Cognitive Restructuring is a set of techniques that helps the client identify, challenge, and change their distorted thoughts. Common thought distortions often include words like: always, must, and never. They also stem from Dr. Elliss list of irrational beliefs (appendix A) and a list of cognitive distortions influenced by Dr. Beck (appendix B). There is a Cognitive Restructuring Worksheet (Appendix C) that counselors and clients may find useful in when utilizing this technique. Exposure Exposure Therapy is an emotionally intense, yet effective way for clients to confront their fears, especially those with anxiety disorders. Through a series of extremely carefully planned sessions, the client is introduced or exposed to the trigger (stimuli) that is causing the anxiety (classically conditioned response). Over time the client is able to see and comprehend that nothing bad will happen and the anxiety lessens. The therapist often uses Exposure Therapy in conjunction with relaxation skills and cognitive reconstruction techniques. In addition to anxiety disorders, an adaptation of Exposure Therapy is sometimes used for people with sexual disorders. Self-disclosure Self-disclosure is when the therapist briefly tells the client something personal about themselves that may be of value to the client and the therapeutic relationship. This technique can be difficult to manage effectively and is somewhat controversial. If the therapist is going to utilize this technique, they must use it carefully and sparingly. Where this technique can become problematic is when the focus shifts from the client to counselor. Too much divulging of information can lead to the client being uncomfortable or feeling like the relationship has changed. When used appropriately; however it can show the therapists empathy to the situation the client is facing. Case Study Synopsis Client is a 52-year-old female widower with two daughters. Her husband died seven years ago. Her relatives live 50 miles away. Client was accused of a work-related incident, after which she became anxious. Client is currently on medication with effects consistent with an antidepressant. Presenting problems included poor memory, lack of concentration, confusion and slowness. The client met the DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive episode. The client was given several clinical scales to rate herself on. These scales were completed prior to every session and discussed briefly during the session.as a means of verifying efficacy. The therapist used the five systems model to help the client analyze her thoughts and recognized negative automatic thoughts and behaviors. She was given daily activity monitoring sheets, although she was successful at many activities very few gave her any pleasure. Due, in part, to years of sexual abuse by her father, the client felt that something was wrong w ith her. She felt like she didnt fit into her family. By using a more detailed variation of the ABC Technique, the client and therapist were able to identify stressful situations; discuss the emotions, behavior and physical reactions to the situations; and recognized the underlying negative beliefs. The therapist utilized behavioral experiments to help the client challenge her core beliefs and recognize the differences in how she felt. Final Thoughts I chose this theory because I felt that it is the one I was most likely going to use, when I become a licensed psychologist. The multiple views and varied techniques available for the client make it seem like the one theory that can be tailor fit for each individual. What I found out through my research; however, is that the cognitive-behavioral approach does not dig deeply into the why someone has the beliefs they do. The why is what drew me to the field of psychology and human services in the first place, so I need to investigate other theories, career opportunities, and techniques to find my right fit. Ideally, I would like to investigate the criminal mind more closely and help the prison population overcome their psychopathological issues. I still feel that many of the cognitive-behavioral techniques can be useful in discovering the why, so I will likely use them in my ultimate career field.

Cryptography :: Exploratory Essays

Cryptography Cryptography is the science of preparing communication intended to be intelligible only to the person possessing the key or method of developing the hidden meaning by cryptoanalysis using apparently incoherent text (Encarta Encyclopedia). The movie mercury rising is a good example of cryptography. It’s about a little boy who is autistic. The little boy can do puzzles such as cryptography easily. One day while on the computer the boy cracks a highly secretive government code. The governmental agency wants the young boy found and killed for cracking the code it took years to write. Cryptography started a long, long time ago with Julius Caesar. When he wanted only his people to know something he used cryptography. He did this by replacing A’s with D’s, B’s with E’s, and so on down the alphabet. This was known as "shift by 3", for obvious reasons. The Jewish writers also used a code of their own called Atbash. They did it by reversing the alphabet, they used the last letter of the alphabet in place of the first, the next to last for the second, and so on. Atbash is exemplified in the Bible, Jeremiah 25:25, where "Sheshech" is written for Babel (Babylon). As you can see, cryptography has been used for many years and is continuing to become more high tech. The term cryptography is sometimes restricted to the use of ciphers, that is, to methods of transposing the letters of plain text (unencrypted) messages, or to methods involving the substitution of other letters or symbols for the original letters of a message. And to various combinations of such methods, all according to prearranged systems. Ciphers of various types have been and can be devised. All of them fall into to one of two categories, transposition and substitution. In transportation ciphers, the message is usually written, without word divisions. They are rows of letters arranged in a rectangular block. The letters are then transposed in a prearranged order such as by vertical columns, diagonals, or spirals. There are two types of ciphers, simple and complex. In a simple substitution cipher is particular letter or symbol is substituted for each. In a multiple substitution (polyalphabetic) ciphers, a keyword of number is employed. And in more complicated polyalphabetic systems, the letters of the keyword may tell which of a series of mixed substitution alphabets is to be used to encipher each letter of the message. Cryptography :: Exploratory Essays Cryptography Cryptography is the science of preparing communication intended to be intelligible only to the person possessing the key or method of developing the hidden meaning by cryptoanalysis using apparently incoherent text (Encarta Encyclopedia). The movie mercury rising is a good example of cryptography. It’s about a little boy who is autistic. The little boy can do puzzles such as cryptography easily. One day while on the computer the boy cracks a highly secretive government code. The governmental agency wants the young boy found and killed for cracking the code it took years to write. Cryptography started a long, long time ago with Julius Caesar. When he wanted only his people to know something he used cryptography. He did this by replacing A’s with D’s, B’s with E’s, and so on down the alphabet. This was known as "shift by 3", for obvious reasons. The Jewish writers also used a code of their own called Atbash. They did it by reversing the alphabet, they used the last letter of the alphabet in place of the first, the next to last for the second, and so on. Atbash is exemplified in the Bible, Jeremiah 25:25, where "Sheshech" is written for Babel (Babylon). As you can see, cryptography has been used for many years and is continuing to become more high tech. The term cryptography is sometimes restricted to the use of ciphers, that is, to methods of transposing the letters of plain text (unencrypted) messages, or to methods involving the substitution of other letters or symbols for the original letters of a message. And to various combinations of such methods, all according to prearranged systems. Ciphers of various types have been and can be devised. All of them fall into to one of two categories, transposition and substitution. In transportation ciphers, the message is usually written, without word divisions. They are rows of letters arranged in a rectangular block. The letters are then transposed in a prearranged order such as by vertical columns, diagonals, or spirals. There are two types of ciphers, simple and complex. In a simple substitution cipher is particular letter or symbol is substituted for each. In a multiple substitution (polyalphabetic) ciphers, a keyword of number is employed. And in more complicated polyalphabetic systems, the letters of the keyword may tell which of a series of mixed substitution alphabets is to be used to encipher each letter of the message.

Gender Struggle in a Thousand Splendid Suns Essay

â€Å"Women like us. We endure. It’s all we have.† Mariam, the child of a wealthy man and his house maid, lived by this quote all her life. The quote also applies to Laila, a woman who was raised in a modern household with education. An analysis of the hardships of women in Khaled Hosseinim’s, A Thousand Splendid Suns, would reveal that the injustices of society are coped with differently throughout several generations of women. Although Laila’s upbringing allowed her to be the stronger of the two women, both Mariam and Laila triumphed after enduring so much evil and cruelty. Their mothers on the other hand did not. Mariam’s mother, Nana, was at one point the house maid of a wealthy man named Jalil. She later on mothered his child, Mariam. Both Mariam and her mother had become outcastes and were sent to an isolated area as a consequence for the intolerable act. Mariam’s mother resents Jalil for it, and she also often complains about it to her daughter, ultimately trying to discourage Mariam from not trusting him. Ironically, Mariam’s mother did not openly express her resentment towards Jalil while he was around, nor did she ever attempt to change the situation. In using the inner strength that a woman contains Nana could have strived to make a better life for both she, and her child. Laila’s mother, Fariba, had a seemingly happy household, yet she often found herself immersed in overwhelming grief. When her sons Ahmad and Noor leave to fight in the jihad, and are later on killed in action Laila’s mother stays in bed mourning their loss. When the opportunity presents itself for the family to leave she wishes to stay in Afghanistan in order to see the freedom of the land that her sons died for. Fariba may have a more optimistic view in this sense. A look at the greater picture would reveal that she too lacks the effort to change the situation she is in, in similarity to Mariam’s mother. Fariba stayed in bed living in the past, letting everything take its course in hopes of justice, instead of solidifying her future by making a difference. Mariam and Laila are years apart by age, and come from two entirely different life styles, what brings these women together is one man, Rasheed. They are forced to marry this man through loss and heartache. Their marriages to Rasheed consist of emotional and physical abuse that is legally acceptable under fundamentalist Islamic governments such as the Mujahedeen and the Taliban. In addition to domestic violence, Laila and Mariam have to deal with senseless war, in which many of their closest loved ones lost their lives. Mariam and Laila endure because with their mentality it is simply the only choice they have. Neither of them would have been willing to just give up so they persevered and tried to make the best of the situations they faced. They both tried to have an optimistic view in a life that seemed to have little joy. Laila’s mother was never able to let go of the past and allow herself to move on from her son’s deaths. She was unable or unwilling to see her daughter and her husband as a way to make a happier future. Mariam’s mother became a bitter woman – perhaps many would say she had no choice, but we all have a choice in how we react and behave. She had decided to take her own life when Mariam because she felt she had nothing left to live for. These choices were something that Mariam and Laila would have never made, not because they were better than their mothers, but simply because they chose to never give up and never lose hope. In conclusion, Laila and Mariam overcame several accounts of injustice, evil, and extreme cruelty, unlike their mothers whom fell short upon effort. Despite their seemingly opposite upbringings both women far surpassed the efforts of their mothers. To endure is to continue or to last despite hardships, pain, and loss. Laila and Mariam clearly have endured through a series of injustices. It was their only choice. Bibliography Hosseini, Khaled. A Thousand Splendid Suns. New York: Riverhead, 2007. A Thousand Splendid Suns The history of Afghanistan is marked by death and loss and unimaginable grief. Ultimately, this is more than a story of survival in the face of what seem to be insurmountable odds. It is a story of the unconquerable spirit of a people and individuals seen through the eyes of two indomitable women. A Thousand Splendid Suns is told eloquently through the eyes of Laila and Mariam.

The eNotes Blog 3 Memoirs That ReimagineIllness

3 Memoirs That ReimagineIllness With the proliferation of illness narratives in the late nineteenth century, many writer-turned-patients have used the written word to capture what it means to face their own morality. There are a lot of illness narratives out there that feel disingenuous or overtly sentimental- and truthfully, it’s hard to say if we can ever fully understand another person’s suffering or sickness- but we seek these stories out anyway, wanting to learn from someone else’s experiences, wanting to better understand the impact of illness on our lives and the people around us. The best stories don’t promise inspiration or even a transformational change by the end, but promise to deliver the truth with emotional clarity and insight. Humor, even. From de-mystifying disease to self-discovery, these three memoirs seek to re-imagine what a story about illness can and should be. 1. Autobiography of a Face  by Lucy Grealy This is a memoir to the body, to a disease that was never named to Lucy Grealy as a child- at least not until much later. Grealy’s memoir centers on her childhood experiences of undergoing several operations and years of chemotherapy treatments to remove a cancerous tumor in her jaw, and the subsequent pain of fitting in, of overcoming her fear of being unloved. â€Å"It was the pain from that, from feeling ugly, that I always viewed as the great tragedy of my life,† Grealy writes. â€Å"The fact that I had cancer seemed minor in comparison.† Page count: 256 Publish date: March 18, 2003 2. Illness as Metaphor  by Susan Sontag Written as a reaction to her own experiences with cancer, Sontag’s Illness as Metaphor can hardly be considered a memoir; in fact, Sontag rarely appears in the text. But her book, which argues for the elimination of unwanted metaphorical thinking from our responses to illness, is as personal as it is social commentary. Sontag relies on her background as a researcher and critic to debunk common metaphors using medicine, literature, philosophy, and politics to solidify her case. This must-read teaches us how we think about and talk about disease, an enlightening read for any healthcare provider, patient, family member, scholar, or student. Page count: 87 Publish date: August 25, 2001 3. Intoxicated by My Illness  by Anatole Broyard In his autobiographical account about life with prostate cancer, Broyard writes, â€Å"the sick man sees everything as metaphor.† As a New York Times book critic and editor, he uses humor and literature in this collection of essays as a way of dealing with his diagnosis., Through these essays, he also seeks to know: How does one articulate â€Å"the imaginative life of the sick† and do it well? Page count: 156 Publish date: June 1, 1993

Free Essays on Madame Du Chatelet

Madame du Chatelet In a society where nobility disliked the notion of education for their daughters arose one of the great mathematicians of the eighteenth century, Frenchwoman, Emilie du Chatelet. Born in Paris December 17, 1706, she grew up in a household where the art of courting was the only way one could mold a place in society. During her early childhood, Emilie began to show such promise in the area of academics that soon she was able to convince her father that she needed attention. Provided with a relatively good education for the time, she studied and soon mastered Latin, Italian and English. In spite of her talents in the area of languages, her true love was mathematics. Her study in this area was encouraged by a family friend, M.de Mezieres, who recognized the young lady’s talent. Emilie’s work in mathematics was rarely original or as captivating as that of other female mathematicians but it was substantive. The fact that it was accomplished in the first place is in it self remarkable. Emilie not only refused to give up mathematics but she engaged the best known tutors to help her in her study. She also conquered the heart of Voltaire, one of the most intriguing and brilliant scholars of this time. Some of Emilie’s most significant work came from the period she spent with Voltaire at Cirey-sur-Blaise. For the two scholars this was a safe and quiet haven distant from the turbulence of Paris and court life. As Voltaire notes â€Å"We long employed all our attention and powers upon Leibniz and Newton; Mme du Chatelet attached herself first to Leibniz, and explained one part of his system in a book exceedingly well written, entitled Institutions de physique† (1,p.56). However she soon abandoned the work of Leibniz and applied herself to the discoveries of the great Newton. She was extremely successful in translating his whole book of principals of mathematics into French. She also ... Free Essays on Madame Du Chatelet Free Essays on Madame Du Chatelet Madame du Chatelet In a society where nobility disliked the notion of education for their daughters arose one of the great mathematicians of the eighteenth century, Frenchwoman, Emilie du Chatelet. Born in Paris December 17, 1706, she grew up in a household where the art of courting was the only way one could mold a place in society. During her early childhood, Emilie began to show such promise in the area of academics that soon she was able to convince her father that she needed attention. Provided with a relatively good education for the time, she studied and soon mastered Latin, Italian and English. In spite of her talents in the area of languages, her true love was mathematics. Her study in this area was encouraged by a family friend, M.de Mezieres, who recognized the young lady’s talent. Emilie’s work in mathematics was rarely original or as captivating as that of other female mathematicians but it was substantive. The fact that it was accomplished in the first place is in it self remarkable. Emilie not only refused to give up mathematics but she engaged the best known tutors to help her in her study. She also conquered the heart of Voltaire, one of the most intriguing and brilliant scholars of this time. Some of Emilie’s most significant work came from the period she spent with Voltaire at Cirey-sur-Blaise. For the two scholars this was a safe and quiet haven distant from the turbulence of Paris and court life. As Voltaire notes â€Å"We long employed all our attention and powers upon Leibniz and Newton; Mme du Chatelet attached herself first to Leibniz, and explained one part of his system in a book exceedingly well written, entitled Institutions de physique† (1,p.56). However she soon abandoned the work of Leibniz and applied herself to the discoveries of the great Newton. She was extremely successful in translating his whole book of principals of mathematics into French. She also ...

The online world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The online world - Essay Example In the following discussion, the focus is on enhancement of our personal and social lives by the online world. Social networking, cloud-based computing, and mobile technologies are transforming how people learn, work, and play. Digital technology has evolved quickly from personal computers and networks to participatory social, academic, and political Web 2.0 environments with a new vocabulary and new temporal and special interactions. Web 2.0 applications safari, Geocaching, Flickr, Google, Blogger, GarageBand, YouTube, iMovies, Facebook, Twitter, iPhone, and iPad are part of the new user-centric information infrastructure that emphasizes creative participation over presentation; encourages focused conversation and short briefs written in less technical, public vernacular; and facilitates innovative explorations, experimentations, and purposeful tinkering that often forms the basis of situated understanding that emerges from action. In the current world, the online world has replaced the actual lives, thanks to the introduction of new devices and a new lifestyle. The strategy involves using iPads instead of clipboards and switching manual activities to technological ones. Additionally, the online world involves putting information on an online device as opposed to delivering it manually. This substitution has come as a benefit in the business world due to upgrade of performance. Arguably, companies across the globe have embraced the online world and operations have improved. Doing business is now easy, thanks to introduction of e-Commerce, which has made it possible to move to Smartphones from the PC and wallets have been replaced with e-Payments for example PayPal and Payoneer online money transfer which is done in the social media (Kadushin 67). Substituting everything to technology is easy to understand because physical stores have been replaced with e-Store for instance

Smartphone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Smartphone - Essay Example The will be able to produce a cell that can retain charge for a long time and which is appealing to their consumers because of its light weight. The company will incur a cost of ?830,000 to make a slim durable cell. This will enable them to capture the Smartphone market before the Korean rivals. For MidlandsPhones to be able to achieve their targets, they will have to commit a lot of resources to accomplish this undertaking. The company has adequately planned for skilled directors and other staff members to execute the plan (Lewis, 200, p. 65). The aim of the MidlandsPhones Company is to launch their product before the December so that during the vacation, they can be able to make significant sales. Another target is to be the first company to enter into the market with a light and long lasting battery for a Smartphone (Sheila, 2008). Finally, the company will have to carry out thorough market research to ensure they have an adequate potential to meet customers’ requirements. As a result, the company has set aside a lot of resources to complete their project with the set time and achieve their objectives. Getting into the market earlier than before the entry of any other rival is crucial because it will help the MidlandsPhones Company to capture market share and strengthen their competitive potential. This company will also be able to raise enough funds to cover for expenses incurred during research. It will also help them to mitigate the anticipated decline in market growth in the year 2013 as a result of increasing rivalry. The MidlandsPhones Company has partnered with PowerDev Company to ensure the proposed plan has succeeded. They have formed a strong production and marketing team who will avail the product for sale after four months once the project commences. The MidlandsPhones will also be able to utilize the resources available for the project and work within the set time to ensure smooth running of the activities. This will assist them to avoid unnecessary delays which would otherwise result to stiff rivalry from other producers. Having experienced project team is of paramount importance because it will ensure efficiency of resource use and timely launching of the product. Question 2: Reasons for Venture Preparation and Appendices (a). Scope (appendix 1) The project staff should set the time period with which they will achieve their specific goals (Urquhart-Brown, 2008, p. 54). They should also establish qualified project workers which will ensure the set goals are achieved within specified time. In addition, they should utilize all the available resources effectively to ensure the plans are attained. The staff should set the means and frequency of disseminating of information within themselves and with the company’s management to ensure adequate coordination of the activities. The MidlandsPhones will launch the new Smartphone with light and durable battery towards the end of November 2012. To ensure this plan is ac hieved, the company has established a strong establishment staff headed by an experienced production and marketing manager who will direct the members during the entire project period. The project staff will work to ensure the product is ready for market starting on first December 2013. The staff will also mobilize all the available resources to ensure the company’s target is achieved. They will also ensure that the company’

Leadership and Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Leadership and Change Management - Essay Example Leadership development is a complex process as I witnessed over last year and the issues covered by the meetings proved vital in changing my perception of human resource management and how to influence change in the organization structure. The failure to address challenges in the process could be highlighted in the preceding meeting. The process was a complex one although the challenges were diverse. I learned vital issues in change management, which will be addressed later in this reflective analysis. One of the vital issues addressed by the meeting is group cohesion and participation. The participation of individuals in the meeting helped to make the meetings interesting. In fact, the availability of the group members ensured that the objectives of the meeting were met. The individual performance of the group members ensured that all the vital issues in management were handled perfectly and even resolved amicably. The delegation of duties to the individual made the tasks easy to co mplete (Paton, Paton, & McCalman, 2008, p. 56). I learned from the process the vital nature of communication when handling human labor or education members. It was not easy to establish the code of practice among the members, but we were able to work due to mutual trust and cohesion. The change management strategy and collective responsibility are essential issues on the addressing of change within the organization such as the development of leadership skills and experience. As the meeting progressed, several issues could be raised that needed to be solved by the group members. Planning for the meeting was left to the chair-lady because she was the facilitator of the meeting and could handle leadership issues effectively. Under her leadership, several issues were addressed and the issues include the role of every group member. Through the development of group cohesion, she ensured that the group could operate better than expected. The resistance to change was evident within the grou p during the initial stages of operation. This indicated the power of inertia and the role of perception in trying to reach and change an established system (Okbor, 2001, p. 23). The planning of the meeting was perfect and led to the effective completion of the project and attainment of the set goals and objectives of the study. The planning of the ideas or themes to be discussed during the meeting was done by the chair lady with the support from the group members. The group used consensus building in the development of a meeting planner and the issues to be addressed by the group. It was not easy to resolve certain issues in the first meeting. Such vital issues were deferred and were addressed in the later meetings including the third meeting (Lusardi, 2012, p. 89). However, after the completion of the planning process, it was easier to develop and come up with the necessary plan of the meetings throughout the year. The direction and facilitation of the meeting were left to the cha ir-lady and the group members were in charge of the participation. The participation of the various members was monitored by the facilitator who recommended a plan of action, which included the probing of the group members and evaluating their understanding of the concepts discussed through the meetings.

My review and judgement for Toyshops online marketing Essay Example for Free

My review and judgement for Toyshops online marketing Essay Top shop online retail website allows their customer to purchase their products online. Top shop is generally regarded as the high street fashion centre for all women and men under 30, reasonably priced clothes suitable for all occasions. Top shop is one of the better laid out online shops the site uses an attractive black colour scheme and the clothes are divided into categories, viewers can choose to browse by New In items, Special Offers, Sale, Kate Moss range, Dresses, etc. Topshop is a high street fashion retailer that has been up and running since 1964 and is has successfully open 300 store across the UK, do shipments to more than 100 countries and has their eclectic British style is known all over the world. Over the years they have built a strong bond with industry insiders and in 2002 they joined forces with newgen, a scheme which allowed them to foster new design talent and provide a global platform for the scene’s brightest new stars. Topshop also the only high street brand to show on schedule at London Fashion week and Topshop Unique has become the style set’s hottest ticket. The Topshop formula is proving not just popular/reputation but profitable too. The chain made around $200 million in pre-tax profits last year on revenues of approximately $1.14 billion. Topshop online marketing system is very effective to its viewers/ users, Topshop’s online website benefits their customers because it give their customers the opportunity to visit their website at any time during business hours which make online shopping an excellent option for many busy shoppers. One of the most obvious benefit for online shoppers is convenience, online shoppers has the ability to purchase products/service from Topshop’s online website at any time which is most convenient for them. Their online website accepts orders twenty-four hours a day during normal business hours. Topshop’s online website provides their customers with total product information. Customers shopping online expect product details which is the Price, information on how the product or service runs on how to use it an so on, this is a benefit for the customer because before purchasing a product they get to see the price and get information on the product on how it will work out for them so they will get an rough idea of how it will work so before purchasing they could compare and select whether the price is suitable for them and if the service or product has what they need. Viewing items is easy – viewers can just click on the item they want to view in more detail and it brings up the name of the item, the price, a brief description of the product, materials used, suggestions for how to wear it, and a picture of the front and the back which you are able to zoom in. customers can see what sizes the item is available in sizes go from 6-16 and any sizes not in stock are greyed out. The business online features is beneficial to their viewer because it help to their viewers to find exactly what they are looking for in other words ‘easy to use’; images, colours, gifs, videos, drop down menus and search bars are all useful to the business viewers. Topshop’s online website also provides their viewers to be able to create their own account with the company, get additional information on their business, clothing and also complaints, viewers can write their own review on their products and service that the business offers. The effectiveness of the of Topshop marketing The effectiveness of Topshop marketing online gives customers an opportunity to purchase items from their online webpage, collect information about the product, service and also information about the business, their online webpage is also design in a way to enable their customers to get exactly what the they are looking; at the bottom of Topshop online webpage is where customers can get the information there need from the business such as, information about the business, how to find different branches, help and also other website that the customers can visit for update; Facebook, twitter, YouTube and also Google. Images, videos, pictures, drop down menus, gifs and search bar play a big impact on how customers view the business webpage, it make it easier for the customers to locate stuff on the business webpage, because these online features are visual. Topshop online website is effective because it help to attraction new customers to the business. The internet is a main asset to many people because they use this on a regular basis whether it is to communication, gather information or locate new places. Topshop use many marketing techniques to promote their online business, these are; promotional adverts online, email promotion, hyperlinks, on website such as twitter and Facebook and so on YouTube. Topshop also have an app for all smartphone, where customers can use to also purchase item, gather information and so on, this is very effective for their customers because this give their customers the advantage to shop from anywhere, during business hours. Topshop internet marketing states for Facebook and Twitter. Topshop continues to grow its following on social media sites, due to lots of features, in-store promotions and relatively high levels of engagement with fans and followers. Stats from E-Digital Research look at the number of followers for the top 20 retailers on Facebook and Twitter and, for the first time, Google+. Top 20 UK retailers on Facebook Topshop was also in pole position and it has added more than 1m new fans since May 2011. Its target audience are big Facebook and social media in general users, so the strategy of promoting its Facebook presence works well. Content is regularly updated to keep people interested, while it also promotes its social media profiles in stores and from its website. The retailer uses exclusive deals and interactive content to keep people interested. How much this translates into sales is another matter, but its significant that it hasnt opened an f-commerce store, presumably preferring to drive users to its product pages.