Essay The Special Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein

The Special Theory of relativity is an acknowledged physical theory that revolutionized advancements in the relationship between space, and time. The theory is one of the most interesting discoveries that are still used today in science fiction movies such as Star Wars, and Star Trek through the use of black holes, and time travel due to it’s astonishing results, and it occurrence at speeds close to the speed light, which can be appealing to a wide range of audience. This was a harvest from six years of extremely handwork by Albert Einstein. Einstein used resources that were widely available to the public due to his economic constraints. It wasn’t until 1905, when Einstein finally had finished and published his discoveries, and gatherings†¦show more content†¦Both you and the observer could argue for days, and none of you would be able to prove the other person wrong, and as matter of fact, when it comes to physical laws both of you are correct. It all depends on your frame of reference. Speaking of frames of reference, an inertial reference frame is an area where no force applies, therefore there isn’t any gravitational force, or any acceleration, in an inertial frame one couldn’t tell if he was on constant velocity or if he was at rest. The simultaneity of events is matter of a person’s frame of reference. If a person is moving at a constant velocity in between two object emitting light he’ll see the light source he’s moving towards, and the light source he’s moving away from flash at the same time. However if a stationary observer watches this from a stationary platform, he’ll see that the light source that the person is moving away from has more distance to cover than the one he’s moving towards. He’ll also notice that both these light emissions will reach the person standing in between them at the same time. So considering that the speed of light is the same in all situations. The observer sees the light source the person is moving away from flash first as it has more distance to cover, and yet reaches the person standing in the middle at the same time. The first of the Special Theory of relativity’s affects, causes the phenomena of time dilation. TimeShow MoreRelatedTheory of Relativity and the Special Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein1850 Words   |  8 Pages Since his birth, Albert Einstein has had the most beneficial effects on the events of the world. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1979 and as a boy displayed an unquenchable curiosity for understanding science and all of its mysteries. As Albert Einstein’s life progressed, he found himself working as a patent clerk in Bern. While working as a patent clerk in Bern, Albert Einstein had a plethora amount of time which was devoted to formulating his theories. Also during thisRead MoreAlbert Einstein: The General Theory of Relativity Essay660 Words   |  3 Pagesappears to be, makes one heroic; therefore, Albert Einstein is heroic in numerous ways. Throughout Albert Einstein’s lifetime he accomplished many amazing things that have an effect on people today. For example, in 1905, â€Å"often called as Einstein’s â€Å"miracle year†, he published four papers in the Annalen der Physik, each of which would alter the course of modern physics† (Michio,Kaku 13). Throughout Einstein’s four books, he â€Å"applied the quantum theory to light in order to explain the photoelectricRead More Albert Einstein Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pages Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Wà ¼ttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. While he was still an infant, the family moved to Munich. Albert’s father was plagued with business failures throughout his life, and after one such failure, he moved his family to Milan, Italy. Einstein was, at first, left behind to finish his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium, but he disapproved of this choice, and followed his family to Milan. Albert decided to attempt to skip the rest of gymnasium and tried to passRead MoreAlbert Einstein s Theory Of Relativity And The Father Of The Atomic Age1174 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert Einstein: Theoretical Physicist, Mathematician, Genius Even in the year 2015, when asking the question, â€Å"who is the smartest person in history?† you are likely to receive the same answer every time. Most people recognize this person to be Albert Einstein. This is certainly not an easy title to earn, but when you look at who Albert Einstein is to the world, his achievements, and the work he has done for not only the scientific community, but for the entire world, it is easy to label him asRead MoreAlbert Einsteins Journey to Become one of the Most Well-Known Scientists in History678 Words   |  3 Pageswell-known scientists in the world. Albert was considered a very lazy person and even ignorant; although he was very smart, he was bored with what he considered old ideas and concepts. Without graduating high school Einstein applied for entrance into a polytechnic institute in Zurich, Switzerland. After two tries he finally gained entrance and graduated with the same bored attitude to the irritation of his professors. None of which, expected him to succeed (â€Å"Albert†). Albert spent seven years reviewing patentsRead MoreThe Cultural Icon Of The 20th Century Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesAmber Gentile 12 December 2016 Period 2 Albert Einstein- The Cultural Icon from the 20th Century Albert Einstein once said â€Å"I want to know God’s thoughts, the rest are details†. Einstein wanted an equation that would encapsulate all physical laws. To put the beauty and the power of the universe into a single equation was his life’s goal. Although Einstein’s name is now synonymous with genius, his professors would have never predicted him to be this successful as he would always cut class, and heRead MoreAlbert Einstein Research Paper996 Words   |  4 PagesLucia 6/5/11 Why Albert Einstein is the most influential historical figure Albert Einstein, who arguably contributed more than any other scientist since Sir Isaac Newton to our modern vision of physical reality, is clearly one of the most gifted intellects the world has ever known. In a relatively brief period of time, Einstein changed the way people thought about space, time, gravitation and war. Albert Einstein was born on March 15, 1879, in the southern GermanyRead MoreEssay on Albert Einstein985 Words   |  4 PagesEducation The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education -Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Germany to a Jewish couple. While having initial complications with a misshapen head during child birth, he grew normally. However it was commented by Albert Einsteins relatives that he was a little slow. Einsteins lack of intelligent was shown by his late age of learning how to speak. His first formal education (besides the private education he receivedRead MoreHow Albert Einstein Affected Technology?747 Words   |  3 Pages Albert Einstein, one of the most luminary thinkers in history made many influential contributions to the fields of science and philosophy to revolutionize man’s understanding of the world. All great things once had humble beginnings. Einstein was born into a middle class family with one sibling. Early in his life, his family influenced him through his presents. His family would gift items such as him telescopes and compasses. His uncle would also, on occasional, teach him in algebra. The oneRead MoreAl bert Einstein : The Greatest Minds Of Our Time1620 Words   |  7 Pages Albert Einstein is undoubtedly one of the greatest minds of our time. His contributions to physics and mathematics are extensive. He was one of science’s first celebrities. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 at Ulm, in Wurttemberg, Germany (Nobel). His parents, Hermann and Pauline Einstein, were Jewish middle-class Germans, and his uncle was an engineer (Formative). Six weeks after his birth, his family moved to Munich (Nobel). Einstein began his schooling in Munich

Fab India Case Study - 1422 Words

FAB INDIA Company profile †¢ History In 1958, well before American companies were sourcing from India, John Bissell left his position as a buyer for Macy’s New York to work as a consultant for the Ford Foundation in order to develop India’s export potential in its emerging textile industry. What Bissell discovered was a village-based industry with a profusion of skills hidden from the world. Determined to showcase Indian handloom textiles while providing equitable employment to traditional artisans, Bissell established Fabindia in 1960 in order to fuse the best aspects of East/West collaboration. Fifteen years later the first Fabindia retail store was opened in Greater Kailash, New Delhi with a range of upholstery fabrics,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Products The product range consists of garments for men, women, children and infants; garment accessories; home furnishings – bed, bath, table and kitchen linen, upholstery fabric, curtains, floor coverings and a range of non textile products like furniture, lights, lamps and stationery. In addition to handcrafted clothing and home furnishings, Fabindia’s product line includes organic foods and personal care products. Fabindia Organics carries several types of cereals, grains, pulses, spices, sugar, tea, coffee, honey, fruit preserves and herbs. Fabindia Sana- Fabindia’s range of authentic bodycare products includes soaps, shampoos, hair oils, pure oils, moisturisers, body scrubs, face packs, hair conditioners special skin care products. It also designes a line of trendy and informal wear for youngsters under the brand Teen Spirit. †¢ Presence in India and the world From a turnover of 36 crore rupees in 2000-01, Fabindia has grown to having a turnover of Rs.130 crore in 2005-06. It registered a CAGR of about 38% in the period 2002-06. Such phenomenal growth has not come at the cost of profits. The profitability has been maintained at a rate of 6% for the entire period (See Figure- 2). For Fabindia William Bissell has set a very ambitious target of reaching 250 stores and a turnover of Rs.1000 crore by 2011. The growth is expected to come from new stores as well as increase in sales from existing stores.That increase will beShow MoreRelatedItc : India s Top Level Multinational Business With A Market Cap Of Us970 Words   |  4 Pagesposition they are acclaiming in the marketplace. ITC happens to be one of India s top-level multinational business with a market cap of US $40 billion and a sales of US $8 billion. Also, ITC is classed among the World s Leading Large Companies, Asia s Fab 50 and the World s Greatest Respected Companies by Forbes magazine and as India s Most Well-Liked Admired Company in a survey administered by Fortune India magazine and Hay Group. The company was also featured as one of world s largestRead MorePhytochemical Investigation Of Stem Bark Of Myrica Esculenta Buch1096 Words   |  5 Pages30-dihydroxy- taraxerane-23-oic acid (3) and 3ÃŽ ², 12ÃŽ ±, 28, 30-tetrahydroxytaraxeran-23-oic acid (4) which were elucidated using spectroscopic and chromatographic analysis. Keywords: Myrica esculenta, Myricaceae, pentacyclic triterpenoids, phytochemical studies â€Æ' Complementary and alternative medicine is one of the ways for treatment of the disease, which include herbal and traditional formulations. Various medicinal herbs and herbal products have been evaluated scientifically for their potential as anti-inflammatoryRead MoreCase Analysis Summaries Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesCase solutions Case 2: Intel: Strategic decisions in locating a new assembly and test plant. Dalian in China is the most attractive site for Intel to locate Assembly and Test plant in terms of its low-costed workforce and high labor productivity with skilled workers, reliable and qualified power infrastructure, as well as a relatively open environment and the increasingly mature law and regulation. |Criteria | Read MoreKnowing A Leading Business Enterprise2629 Words   |  11 Pagescomprises of three key businesses- electro-mechanical projects and services, engineering products and services and unitary cooling products. Their sub-segments have also been shown indicating a clear structure within the organization. The report studies the structure, composition and quality of Voltas’ management starting from the top management. The management of the three segments as well as services has been described illustrating an effective division of work among the hierarchies. The presenceRead MorePower Effect in Decision Making for Corporate Social Responsibilities2235 Words   |  9 Pagesmodels. (15) 2. How does power effect in decision making for Corporate Social responsibilities. Kindly discuss one such initiative in details. (15) ****** Political Views Affect Firms Corporate Social Responsibility, Study Finds ScienceDaily (Sep. 19, 2008) — A new study in The Financial Review establishes a relationship between political beliefs of corporate stakeholders and the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of their firms. Companies with a high CSR rating tend to be located in DemocraticRead MoreRelated Diversification Is a More Successful Strategy for Growth Among Firms Than Unrelated Diversification.3822 Words   |  16 Pageswater ï  ¶ Products of ITC:Wills cigarette,Wills lifestyle stores,John Players(men’s and women’s apparels),e-chaupal,bingo,sunfeast,kitchens of India,Aim matchboxes etc. †¢ Positive overtone of compulsory diversification-India Today group is an example of positive overtone of compulsory diversification.As the definition of media business changed in India,India Today group moved from Magazines to television(Tims Now). (ii)Diversifiction: Fiction is an illusion,non-reality ,certain business assumptionsRead MoreColgate Case Study3186 Words   |  13 PagesOrganizational Development (OD) is a developing discipline that draws on knowledge and methods from the behavioral sciences. The goal of OD is to enhance organizational effectiveness through planned systemic change. These cases study provide students with the disciplines defining conceptual frameworks and the technologies used in x organizational development. Greater emphasis is on understanding the relationship between the OD practitioners (like Colgate-Palmolive and Marks Spencer) role andRead MoreCase Study Telecom Pakistan5731 Words   |  23 PagesCASE STUDY ON TELECOMMUNICATION Table of Contents: 1. Structure of Telecommunication Sector 2 1.1 Evolution of the Industry: 2 1.2 Key Institutional bodies: 3 1.3 Pakistan Telecommunication Company Ltd (PTCL) 4 1.4 National Telecommunication Corporation 4 1.5 Telecard 5 1.6 Worldcall 5 1.7 Long distance, International gateway (LDI) 5 2. Privatization of PTCL 6 3. Growth in mobile phone 7 4. Evolution of investment liberalization 8 5. Evolution of TechnologyRead Moreâ€Å"Starbucks and Others: the Future of Public Wi-Fi†5373 Words   |  22 PagesCHRIST UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE â€Å"STARBUCKS AND OTHERS: THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC Wi-Fi† CASE STUDY ANALYSIS SUMMARY: Wi-Fi usage has been on the upswing recently, thanks to the rise of smartphones, especially the iPhone. Whether it is airports or cafes, people are increasingly logging onto Wi-Fi networks.The case talks about free Wi-Fi in various areas of businesses like restaurants, airports etc to attract crowd and to increase their business. It talks about transition from Wi-Fi – for moneyRead MoreFailure of Honda Jazz in Indian Market4704 Words   |  19 Pagesshares and market leader 5. BCG matrix, competitive strategy and position in the industry 6. SWOT analysis 7. Comparative study of 4p’s and competitive advantage. * HONDA JAZZ * HYUNDAI I20 * SKODA FABIA * VOLKSWAGEN POLO * FIAT GRANDE PUNTO * TOYOTA ETIOS LIVA * MARUTI SWIFT * COMPARATIVE STUDY 8. Suggestions 10. Bibliography ABOUT THE INDUSTRY: India became the sixth largest motor vehicle/car manufacturer in the world in 2011 and is expected to rise to the fourth position

Nursing Case Study Patients Treatment

Question: Describe the Nursing Case Study for Patients Treatment. Answer: Section 1: Clinical decision making and care provision The decisions taken by the nurses have immense implications on the patient outcomes. They take an active participation in the clinical decision in healthcare system regarding the patients treatment. It is the process of gathering and evaluating the information to make decisions regarding patient care (Barry Edgman-Levitan, 2012). It includes the various cognitive processes, skills, and the freedom to make decisions, education, knowledge, communication, monitoring and accountability to make the best clinical judgment for the patient (Hoffman, Aitken Duffield, 2009). If the patient related safety problems are solved, then there would be fewer chances of errors made in healthcare industry. The nurses have a duty to report for the findings and take necessary clinical decisions. The clinical decision-making by nurses involves the knowledge, evidence-based practice to critically appraise and scientifically prove to ensure quality patient safety and care (Cranley et al., 2009). The clinical decision-making also includes the education and technological resources, nursing practice and training. In order to provide the best quality of care and safety to the patients, a nurse needs to clinically think, judge and act accordingly to the situation. The use and implementation of scientific knowledge is important in the critical decision making process (Simmons, 2010). The implementation of current knowledge by nurses to ensure patient safety and care is crucial in decision-making process (Lake, Moss Duke, 2009). Apart from knowledge and evidence-based practice, the communication skills are also important. The communication skills focus on delivering and receiving information to the patient and their family members and information about the risks and benefits about different prognostic or intervention processes (Parker et al., 2009). The active listening towards the patients and their families to ensure the patient centered safety and care. The decision-making process also involves the patients and their family in decision-making process (Mullan Kothe, 2010). The monitoring and reporting by the nurses have a great impact on the clinical decision making for the patients safety. There was no proper monitoring by the Hospital at Night team and he was not escalated as a patient of concern in emergency treatment. The improper documentation would give lack of data for comparative study and treatment of the patient. The documentation and reporting helps to generate awareness about the situation of the patients and to raise flag in case of emergency. It also accounts for the safe decision-mak ing and reduce the chances of errors in the decision making process. The practice of safe-decision making includes integration of scientific knowledge, experiences to anticipate the situations that are likely to happen in the future. In the Inquest into the death of SM, there was failure of documentation and reporting of the patient. There was lack of documentation and reporting of the low oxygen saturation levels in SM. There was no reporting of the continual and unrestricted use of oxygen in the patient. The monitoring of the patient to look for any abnormal findings and well documentation and reporting is required to provide the patient care and safety. The correct monitoring would help to prevent medication errors and rate of death in hospitals (Mitchell et al., 2010). There was no review or assessment of the low oxygen saturation levels and hypoxia throughout his admission except for only one occasion. There was no proper documentation of the scores on the Q-Adult Deterioration Detection System (Q-ADDS). There was failure in the addition of the s cores on the early warning observation form. There was incorrect scoring of the patient and so SM was never escalated as a patient of concern. There was improper documentation in the scoring of the early warning observation form and when SM was escalated as a patient of concern, it was not well documented. On 2nd July, scores of two were not documented properly and seven was added correctly. SM also scored 4-6 around thirteen times in the 24 hours, and the root cause analysis team reported that the case required the higher levels of action including the involvement of the consultants. To provide the patients with the quality ensured care and safety, proper reporting about the findings to avoid errors in ensuring quality care. For the proper reporting, monitoring and documentation is important about every physical parameters of the patient (Jones, King Wilson, 2009). On 3rd July, SM flagged four on two occasions but he was not recorded on the Q-Adult Deterioration Detection System. As a result, the Hospital at Night (HAN) did not escalate SM. There was no medical documentation of SM for the persistent low oxygen saturation levels. The accountability and responsibility also accounts for patients safety and care provision. Nurses are responsible for ensuring safety of the patient and are held accountable for the actions. The failure of the reporting nursing staff to investigate the persistent low oxygen saturation levels showed the lack of responsibility by the nurses that might have escalated SM for emergency treatment. Nurses are held answerable for their actions and responsible in performing their duties. The proper reporting about a patients condition is important for the appropriate treatment (Kelly Ahern, 2009). The Hospital at Night reviewed SM and flagged as an outlier during his admission. However, SM received the appropriate prophylaxis for the venous thromboembolism (VTE). He also received the proper treatment for the VTE by the surgical team. The findings of the chest X-ray showed a collapsed area in the lung that explained SM high oxygen demand and his persistent low oxygen saturation levels. There was no analysis of the blood gas to check for the possible cause of his low oxygen saturation levels. Moreover, SM did not receive the chemical prophylaxis as the first dose but that was not considered as the contributing factor for his death. The nursing staff reported the patients requirement for oxygen but did not raise any flag for his abnormal oxygen saturation levels. The incidence reporting is important to know what actually happened in a case and helps in legal documentation and fulfilling of formalities (Kirwan, Matthews Scott, 2013). There was also reduced mobility that accounted for the SM venous thromboembolism (VTE) after his surgery but there was no assessment regarding his restricted mobility. Despite of his continuous hypoxia, tachycardia and high oxygen demand, there was no raised flags and considered him as a patient for emergency treatment. There was failure to complete the early warning observation form despite of the recording of his scores. There was also failure of the treating team to identify the deterioration in the SM condition. They did not made an emergency call after the reporting of the nursing staff that SM is on oxygen demand for last six days. The Australian government has established many policies and processes to increase the proper reporting of the event, assure quality mechanisms and open disclosure in the adverse events in patient care and safety. Section 2: Tort of Negligence The tort of negligence in nursing is failure to act and take appropriate steps to avoid or prevent the loss or injury to the patient (Huang McLean, 2010). A nurse is capable of caring for the patient but does not care for and as a result, the patient has to suffer unnecessarily. The malpractice and professional negligence by the nurses and the hospital staff that cause emotional and physical damage to the patients (Mair, 2014). The hospital staff, physicians, nurses and healthcare professionals involved in the medical malpractice. The nurses neglect the patients generally face the tort of negligence. The tort of negligence is applied to the nurses who are negligent towards ensuring patient care and that have posed a threat to the life of the patient. The nurses were negligent in the case of SM. They would have been more careful and less negligent regarding the reporting and documentation of his condition. The negligence was also seen regarding the continuous low oxygen saturation le vels of SM. The negligence in nurses to record, document and report to the concerned authority could cause breach of duty. The quality of patient care is hampered and the patient could file a lawsuit against that particular nurse (Staunton Chiarella, 2012). The wrong recording of the scores was also under the tort of negligence. The persistent low oxygen levels in the patient were continuous but the nursing staff and the Hospital at Night was negligent and did not escalate him as a patient for emergency treatment. They were not bothered to investigate and find out the possible outcome of the low oxygen saturation levels in the patient. The reduced mobility in the patient was a matter of great concern but the medical staff was negligent in reporting and raising flag for the emergency treatment. The further reduction in mobility after the surgery should have been a matter of concern and triggered for the assessment but the treatment team was not concerned about the issue. The claim o f negligence contains the negligence arising due to the duty and care by the doctor owed towards the patient, breach of duty by the nurse and a direct implication of the negligence that harm a patient causing him injury or loss (HEATON, 2014). The continuous hypoxia, tachycardia and low oxygen saturation levels demanded immediate investigation and questioning and the arterial blood gas analysis but the medical team was negligent and did not concern to look into the matter. The nursing staff documented and reported the significant periods of hypoxia and low oxygen saturation levels but the medical team did not raise any flag or concern and took immediate steps to make the situation under control. The tort of negligence includes the poor documentation, proper reporting and monitoring of the patients condition that would increase the duration of stay (Atkins, De Lacey Britton, 2014). The X-ray of the chest showed a collapsed area in the lung that explained SM high oxygen demand and hi s persistent low oxygen saturation levels but the medical team was negligent about this major finding. There was no one person who was responsible for the death of SM, the medical team, the nursing staff, the Hospital at Night team and the surgical team were negligent and careless towards SM. Section 3: Ethical Issues In patient centered care, there are many ethical issues in nursing practice. The clinical decision-making involves guidelines for ethics that are intended to provide patient centered care. The nurses have to follow the professional ethics guidelines that are necessary to provide the best quality of care to the patients. The patient has the right to control his or her life and the nurses have to make decisions according to the circumstances. The act of beneficence and non-malfeasance also accounts for the ethics in nursing practice. These ethics are quoted to provide patient care, respect human dignity and to work in collaboration to provide the best quality and high standard care by the healthcare system. The act of beneficence and malfeasance is aimed at providing the best care with an aim to work for the welfare of the patient and cause minimum harm (Yeo et al., 2010). The code of ethics in Australia aimed to identify the standard ethics and principles in nursing practice and to in corporate them in their nursing practice. The code of ethics also guides the nurses to make decisions that are ethically correct and implement them in their nursing practice. The ethical values also safeguard the rights of the patients and ethical values for the nurses (Johnstone, 2015). The surgical team ignored the reduced mobility in SM post-operative. The patient required the immediate treatment for the persistent low levels of oxygen saturation but they ignored the condition and did not raise any flag for the emergency. It was unethical and unfair on the part of the nurses that they did not report or document his hypoxia, tachycardia and persistent low oxygen levels. The ethical code of conduct also demonstrates that the justice is ensured for every patient providing the patient the right to refuse or accept treatment (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2013). The nursing team did not add and document the scores on the early warning assessment warnings. They also raised flags but the medica l team did not bother to look into this matter and act accordingly. The SM care was ethical at some stances but was unethical under the breach of duty, tort of negligence and dereliction of duty. The patients capability in decision-making along with the refusal to treatment and the involvement of the patients family in the decision-making constitutes the respect for autonomy (Izumi et al., 2012). The nurses reported about the persistent low levels of oxygen in SM but in several situations were negligent about his continuous demand for oxygen. Despite of the raised flag, SM was not documented under the Q-ADDS form as a patient of emergency rather he was treated as an outlier from the time of his admission. The nursing staff did not respect the act of autonomy in case of the patient in providing and meeting the requirements of the patient. The respect for autonomy, beneficence is the key principles that are focused to provide the patient centered care and protect the rights of the pat ient (Schneider Whitehead, 2013). They also violated the act of beneficence as they were negligent about the patients condition and that contributed to his death. References Atkins, K., De Lacey, S., Britton, B. (2014).Ethics and law for Australian nurses. Cambridge University Press. Barry, M. J., Edgman-Levitan, S. (2012). Shared decision makingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care.New England Journal of Medicine,366(9), 780-781. Burkhardt, M. A., Nathaniel, A. (2013).Ethics and issues in contemporary nursing. Cengage Learning. Cranley, L., Doran, D. M., Tourangeau, A. E., Kushniruk, A., Nagle, L. (2009). Nurses' Uncertainty in Decision?Making: A Literature Review.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,6(1), 3-15. HEATON, L. (2014). Legal aspects of nursing.Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing Australian Edition,3, 57. Hoffman, K. A., Aitken, L. M., Duffield, C. (2009). A comparison of novice and expert nurses cue collection during clinical decision-making: Verbal protocol analysis.International journal of nursing studies,46(10), 1335-1344. Huang, S. J., McLean, A. S. (2010). Do we need a critical care ultrasound certification program? Implications from an Australian medical-legal perspective.Critical Care,14(3), 1. Izumi, S. S., Nagae, H., Sakurai, C., Imamura, E. (2012). Defining end-of-life care from perspectives of nursing ethics.Nursing ethics,19(5), 608-618. Johnstone, M. J. (2015).Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. Jones, L., King, L., Wilson, C. (2009). A literature review: factors that impact on nurses effective use of the Medical Emergency Team (MET).Journal of clinical nursing,18(24), 3379-3390. Kelly, J., Ahern, K. (2009). Preparing nurses for practice: a phenomenological study of the new graduate in Australia.Journal of Clinical Nursing,18(6), 910-918. Kirwan, M., Matthews, A., Scott, P. A. (2013). The impact of the work environment of nurses on patient safety outcomes: a multi-level modelling approach.International journal of nursing studies,50(2), 253-263. Lake, S., Moss, C., Duke, J. (2009). Nursing prioritization of the patient need for care: A tacit knowledge embedded in the clinical decision?making literature.International Journal of Nursing Practice,15(5), 376-388. Mair, J. (2014). An introduction to legal aspects of nursing practice.Contexts of Nursing, 167. Mitchell, I. A., McKay, H., Van Leuvan, C., Berry, R., McCutcheon, C., Avard, B., ... Lamberth, P. (2010). A prospective controlled trial of the effect of a multi-faceted intervention on early recognition and intervention in deteriorating hospital patients.Resuscitation,81(6), 658-666. Mullan, B. A., Kothe, E. J. (2010). Evaluating a nursing communication skills training course: The relationships between self-rated ability, satisfaction, and actual performance.Nurse education in practice,10(6), 374-378. Parker, R. M., Keleher, H. M., Francis, K., Abdulwadud, O. (2009). Practice nursing in Australia: a review of education and career pathways.BMC nursing,8(1), 1. Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013).Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia. Simmons, B. (2010). Clinical reasoning: concept analysis.Journal of Advanced Nursing,66(5), 1151-1158. Staunton, P. J., Chiarella, M. (2012).Law for nurses and midwives. Elsevier Australia. Yeo, M., Moorhouse, A., Kahn, P., Rodney, P. (Eds.). (2010).Concepts and cases in nursing ethics. Broadview Press.

Ford Principles of Corporations Law †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Ford Principles of Corporations Law. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, the issue the issue arises on the basis of the present facts if the directors of Lovells Ltd have breached their duties that have been imposed on the directors by the Corporations Act, 2001. Simultaneously, it is also required to be seen if any defenses are available to the directors. The reason is that one of the directors of the company, Larry has incorporated his own company, Events Galore Pty Ltd for the purpose of taking benefit of a business opening that was available to Lovells Ltd. Similarly, the other two directors of the company, Tony and Greg had also approved this act after they were offered the position of non-executive director in the new company, along with attractive remuneration. In the same way, shares have been issued by the three directors of the company, Larry, Tony and Greg for the purpose of diluting the shareholding of Earnest Pty Ltd. Another issue that is present in this case is if the directives can be held liable for being involved in insolvent trading. A corporation is run by its directors on behalf of the shareholders. In s198A, Corporations Act, it has been mentioned that the business of the Corporation needs to be run by or in accordance with the directions given by the directors. In this regard, certain basic legal duties and responsibilities have been imposed among the directors (Austin and Ramsay, 2013). The duties and responsibilities that have been imposed on the directors by the Corporations Act are applicable in case of several organizational structures like public companies or proprietary companies. Duty of care and diligence: In view of this duty, the directors should act with the same level of care and diligence that can be expected from any other reasonable person who is acting under similar circumstances and in the same position. This duty is present in s 180. A similar duty is also obligatory for the directors under the common law (Ford and Austin, 1995). On the other hand, the business judgment rule provides a safe harbor to the directors regarding a claim that has been made against the directors under the common law or for the breach of section 180. The next duty of the directors is to act in good faith, keeping in view the best interests of the company (Ford, 1978). For this purpose, the directors should act for a proper purpose as mentioned in section 181. This requires that any conflicts of interest should be avoided by the directors between their personal interests and companies interests (Elder v Elder and Watson, 1952). This duty is the duty of fidelity as well as of trust. It is known as a fiduciary duty that has been prescribed for the directors by the common law and simultaneously, this duty is also present in the Corporations Act (Morgan v 45 Flers Avenue Pty Ltd., 1986). Another duty of the directors is to make proper use of their position in the company. This duty requires that the director should not use their position in the company improperly (Farrar and Hannigan, 1998). An improper use of position occurs when the directors position is used in order to gain a private benefit or to cause a detriment to the corporation. This duty has been mentioned in section 182 of the Corporations Act. Section 183 of the Corporations Act provides for the duty of the directors according to which they should use the information received by them, properly. This duty requires that any information should not be used by the directors for the purpose of achieving your personal advantage or for causing a loss to the company (Paterson and Ednie, 1976). Another duty mentioned in the Corporations Act is the duty of the directors to prevent insolvent trading. Therefore, apart from the general duties of the directors, it is also the duty of the directors to prevent the company from trading if reasonable grounds are there to suspect that the company is insolvent or may become insolvent after incurring a debt (Menzies, 1959). A company can be described as insolvent if it is not in a position to repay its debts as and when they fall due. As a result of this duty, whenever the company is going to incur the new debt, it is the obligation of the directors to consider if any reasonable grounds are present to suspect that the company may be insolvent or may become so after incurring such a debt. In the present case, the above mentioned duties have been breached by Larry when he incorporated his own company for taking advantage of a business opportunity. In the same way, the other two directors Tony Greg were also liable for the breach of their duty of care and diligence, as well as the duty which requires them to act in good faith. They were quite upset initially but later on, they agreed when the position of nonexecutive directors was offered to them, along with effective remuneration. Larry has also breach did his duty, which prevented him from using his position improperly and also using the information received by him improperly. Another breach of duty by the three directors is the breach of duty to prevent insolvent trading. Although the company was facing financial problems, still Larry, and the other two directors decided to continue with aggressive advertising and marketing efforts. Therefore, these directors have also breached the duty prescribed was written by 588G . Advise the directors whether any defences are available to them. A defense is accessible to the directors under section 180 in the form of the business judgment rule that has been incorporated in the Corporations Act, 2001. Section 180(2) provides that if it can be established by the director that the judgment was made by them in good faith and for a proper purpose and the director did not have any individual interest concerning the subject matter and at the same time, if the director had informed themselves concerning the subject matter of the judgment to reasonable extent and the director also believe that the judgment is in the best interests of the corporation, a defense is available to such a director against an allegation of breach of duty. For this purpose, it is required that the director should fulfill the above-mentioned requirements for the purpose of claiming the protection provided by the business judgment rule and in such a case, it can be said that the statutory duty of care and diligence prescribed by the Corporations Act has been satisfied in a particular case. However in the present case, it cannot be said that the above-mentioned requirements are satisfied and as a result, the defense of business judgment rule is not available to these directors. Advise Mark what members remedies in the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) are suitable for him. In this question, the issue is if the majority shareholders and directors of Katlin Groceries Pty Ltd, Sam and Bob have been involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, if there are any remedies available to the minority shareholder of the company, Mark. While managing the affairs of the company, sometimes the majority shareholders may want to use their influence for achieving the personal benefit, as compared to the benefit of the company as a whole. However, such conduct has not only been declared as illegal by the law but at the same time, such conduct also have the effect of diminishing the value of the few holdings or to cause damage to the company generally. This is not a particularly welcome situation for the minority shareholders. Under these circumstances, the question arises, what can be done by the minority shareholders to deal with such conduct. Generally the term minority oppression describes the conduct mentioned in s 232. It includes the conduct that is against the interests of the shareholders as a whole or the conduct that is oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory. Oppressive conduct is assessed by using an objective test based on the fact if the particular conduct can be described as unfair by any reasonable person. Moreover, it is not enough that prejudice or discrimination is present, it is also needed that an element of unfairness should exist that is something more than causing a disadvantage. Therefore when the minority shareholders have to face oppressive conduct, certain remedies have been provided in section 233, Corporations Act for such a conduct. According to the provisions of this section, discretion has been provided to the court to grant extensive remedies to minority members who have to face oppressive conduct. Particularly section 233 allows the court to make an order, which it considers to be appropriate, keeping in view the circumstances where the conduct of the affairs of the company can be described as being against the interests of the members of the company as a whole or, if such conduct is oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or discriminatory against a member or members of the corporation. The power of the courts to give relief in case of oppressive conduct allows the courts to make orders (but is not limited to), that the majority members should buy the shares of the minority member at the price that has been determined by the court; or that the company buys the shares of the minority member; or that a receiver and manager should be appointed and to wind up the company; or that an injunction be issued against the corporation or director or majority member, which restrains them from a particular act. For example, in Roberts v Walter Developments Pty Ltd Ors (1997) the court had discussed the relevant principles concerning oppression and business judgment. Hence, in this case, the court arrived at the conclusion that the course of conduct of the chairman and a majority shareholder, including the fact that the company failed to pay dividends, failure of the company to consider the request made by the minority shareholders that the remuneration of majority shareholders a s the director of the company should be reduced and the refusal to allow the minority shareholders to look at the company records, can be considered as oppressive (Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd., 2001). In this case, the majority shareholders and the directors of Katlin Groceries Pty Ltd, Sam and Bob have not paid any dividend to the members of the company even if the company has been doing very well. Both these directors reject the requests made by Mark to pay dividends. At the same time, when Mark asked them to purchase his shares, they refused to do so. Moreover, they make Mark resign from his position as the director of the company. Similarly, they also deny access to Mark to the financial statements of the company. When Mark was leaving his office, he finds out that excessive payments have been made to the consulting firm of Sam and Bob as consultancy fees. Under these circumstances, it can be concluded that Sam and Bob have been involved in oppressive conduct and as a result, the remedies for oppressive conduct mentioned above are available to Mark, which includes an order by the court according to which Marks shares should be purchased by the other two majority shareholders at a price decided by the court. References Austin R.P. and Ramsay, I.M. (2013) Fords Principles of Corporations Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 15th ed, 432 Farrar J.H. and Hannigan, B (1998) Farrars Company Law (Butterworths, 4th ed, 382 Ford H.A.J., and Austin, R.P., (1995) Ford and Austins Principles of Corporations Law (Butterworths, 7th ed, 262 Ford, H.A.J., (1978) Principles of Company Law (Butterworths, 2nd ed, 345 Menzies, D., (1959) Company Directors, 33 Australian Law Journal 156 Paterson W.E. and Ednie, H.H. (1976) Butterworths, Australian Company Law, vol 2, 2nd ed. Elder v Elder and Watson (1952) S.C. 49 Fexuto Pty Ltd v Bosnjak Holdings Pty Ltd [2001] NSWCA 97 Morgan v 45 Flers Avenue Pty Ltd (1986) 10 ACLR 692 Roberts v Walter Developments Pty Ltd Ors (1997) 15 ACLC 882